196f

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Melezitose
Molecular formula	C₁₈ H₃₂ O₁₆
Molecular weight	504.40 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-5.8 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.1

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of melezitose shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

5c77

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	glutathione
Molecular formula	C₁₀ H₁₇ N₃ O₆ S
Molecular weight	307.33 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-4.5 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.1

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of glutathione shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Correct D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

366d

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Arg-Asp-Pro
Molecular formula	C₁₅ H₂₆ N₆ O₆
Molecular weight	386.40 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-6.3 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.2

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of Arg-Asp-Pro shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Correct D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

e1b7

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	butyric acid
Molecular formula	C₄ H₈ O₂
Molecular weight	88.11 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	0.8 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	2.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of butyric acid shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

0015

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Zidovudine triphosphate
Molecular formula	C₁₀ H₁₆ N₅ O₁₃ P₃
Molecular weight	507.18 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-3.2 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.1

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of zidovudine-triphosphate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Correct MC

4c1a

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	glycerol-3-phosphate
Full name	Glycerophosphoric acid
Molecular formula	C₃ H₉ O₆ P
Molecular weight	172.07 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-2.9 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of glycerol-3-phosphate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

53cb

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	uridine
Molecular formula	C₉ H₁₂ N₂ O₆
Molecular weight	244.20 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-2.0 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.1

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of uridine shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Correct MC

9852

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	citrate
Full name	126-44-3
Molecular formula	C₆ H₅ O₇ -₃
Molecular weight	189.10 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	0.2 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	0.9

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of citrate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

a724

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Thr-Met-Met
Molecular formula	C₁₄ H₂₇ N₃ O₅ S₂
Molecular weight	381.50 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-3.0 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.8

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of Thr-Met-Met shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Correct D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

463c

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Phe-Ile-Met
Molecular formula	C₂₀ H₃₁ N₃ O₄ S
Molecular weight	409.50 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-1.3 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	2.9

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of Phe-Ile-Met shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Correct D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

8ca9

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	guanosine 3'-monophosphate
Full name	3'-Guanylic Acid
Molecular formula	C₁₀ H₁₄ N₅ O₈ P
Molecular weight	363.22 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-3.5 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of guanosine-3'-monophosphate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Correct MC

4f9d

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine
Molecular formula	C₄₁ H₇₈ NO₈ P
Molecular weight	744.00 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	10.6 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	6.8

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

0477

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	methyltestosterone
Molecular formula	C₂₀ H₃₀ O₂
Molecular weight	302.50 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	3.4 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	10.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of methyltestosterone shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

26a7

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	cytosine
Molecular formula	C₄ H₅ N₃ O
Molecular weight	111.10 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-1.7 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of cytosine shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Correct MC

960f

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Cytidine 5'-diphosphate
Molecular formula	C₉ H₁₅ N₃ O₁₁ P₂
Molecular weight	403.18 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-4.5 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.1

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of cytidine-5'-diphosphate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Correct MC

e5ce

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Leu-enkephalin
Molecular formula	C₂₈ H₃₇ N₅ O₇
Molecular weight	555.60 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-2.3 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	2.3

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of leu-enkephalin shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Correct D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

fef4

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	capric acid
Full name	Decanoic acid
Molecular formula	C₁₀ H₂₀ O₂
Molecular weight	172.26 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	4.1 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	5.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of capric acid shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

b289

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	fucitol
Full name	L-Fucitol
Molecular formula	C₆ H₁₄ O₅
Molecular weight	166.17 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-2.0 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.2

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of fucitol shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

b1de

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	dextrose
Full name	D-Glc
Molecular formula	C₆ H₁₂ O₆
Molecular weight	180.16 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-2.6 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of glucose shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

e0bc

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	deoxyguanosine-triphosphate
Full name	dGTP(4-)
Molecular formula	C₁₀ H₁₂ N₅ O₁₃ P₃ -₄
Molecular weight	503.15 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-5.5 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.1

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of deoxyguanosine-triphosphate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Correct MC

7dae

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	7-methylguanosine
Molecular formula	C₁₁ H₁₆ N₅ O₅ +
Molecular weight	298.28 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-1.8 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.1

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of 7-Methylguanosine shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Correct MC

c026

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	aspartic acid
Full name	L-aspartic acid
Molecular formula	C₄ H₇ NO₄
Molecular weight	133.10 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-2.8 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	0.8

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of aspartate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Correct D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

5f18

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Stearidonic acid
Molecular formula	C₁₈ H₂₈ O₂
Molecular weight	276.40 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	5.2 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	9.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of stearidonic acid shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

0d19

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	malate
Full name	malic acid
Molecular formula	C₄ H₆ O₅
Molecular weight	134.09 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-1.3 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	0.8

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of malate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

2d87

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	dihydrouridine
Full name	5,6-Dihydrouridine
Molecular formula	C₉ H₁₄ N₂ O₆
Molecular weight	246.22 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-2.1 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.1

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of Dihydrouridine shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Correct MC

3f86

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	N6-Methyladenosine
Molecular formula	C₁₁ H₁₅ N₅ O₄
Molecular weight	281.27 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-0.4 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.2

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of N6-Methyladenosine shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Correct MC

f9eb

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	maltose
Molecular formula	C₁₂ H₂₂ O₁₁
Molecular weight	342.30 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-4.7 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.1

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of maltose shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

768e

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Ser-Cys-Lys
Molecular formula	C₁₂ H₂₄ N₄ O₅ S
Molecular weight	336.41 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-5.0 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.3

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of Ser-Cys-Lys shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Correct D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

ba83

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Pseudouridine
Molecular formula	C₉ H₁₂ N₂ O₆
Molecular weight	244.20 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-2.8 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.1

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of Pseudouridine shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Correct MC

0796

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	threose
Full name	D-Threose
Molecular formula	C₄ H₈ O₄
Molecular weight	120.10 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-2.2 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of threose shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

b44d

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	danazol
Molecular formula	C₂₂ H₂₇ NO₂
Molecular weight	337.50 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	3.8 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	7.3

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of danazol shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

747c

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	adenosine 5'-triphosphate
Full name	Adenosine triphosphate
Molecular formula	C₁₀ H₁₆ N₅ O₁₃ P₃
Molecular weight	507.18 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-5.7 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.1

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of adenosine-5'-triphosphate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Correct MC

a0c5

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Arachidic acid
Molecular formula	C₂₀ H₄₀ O₂
Molecular weight	312.50 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	8.5 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	10.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of arachidic acid shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

3ede

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	adenosine 3'-monophosphate
Full name	3'-Adenylic acid
Molecular formula	C₁₀ H₁₄ N₅ O₇ P
Molecular weight	347.22 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-2.7 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.1

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of adenosine-3'-monophosphate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Correct MC

4dc2

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Thr-Arg
Molecular formula	C₁₀ H₂₁ N₅ O₄
Molecular weight	275.31 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-5.1 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.1

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of Thr-Arg shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Correct D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

3c51

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	lauric acid
Molecular formula	C₁₂ H₂₄ O₂
Molecular weight	200.32 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	4.2 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	6.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of lauric acid shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

0699

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Tetraglycine
Molecular formula	C₈ H₁₄ N₄ O₅
Molecular weight	246.22 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-4.2 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	0.9

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of tetraglycine shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Correct D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

c3da

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	guanosine 5'-triphosphate
Full name	Guanosine Triphosphate
Molecular formula	C₁₀ H₁₆ N₅ O₁₄ P₃
Molecular weight	523.18 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-5.7 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of guanosine-5'-triphosphate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Correct MC

2e86

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	galactose
Full name	D-Gal
Molecular formula	C₆ H₁₂ O₆
Molecular weight	180.16 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-2.6 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of galactose shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

c7d3

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	ribose
Full name	D-Rib
Molecular formula	C₅ H₁₀ O₅
Molecular weight	150.13 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-2.5 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of ribose shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

d130

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	sorbitol-6-phosphate
Full name	Sorbitol 6-phosphate
Molecular formula	C₆ H₁₅ O₉ P
Molecular weight	262.15 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-4.7 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of sorbitol-6-phosphate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

0c70

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	sedoheptulose-7-phosphate
Full name	Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate
Molecular formula	C₇ H₁₅ O₁₀ P
Molecular weight	290.16 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-5.0 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of sedoheptulose-7-phosphate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

7fa8

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	altrose
Full name	Alt
Molecular formula	C₆ H₁₂ O₆
Molecular weight	180.16 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-2.6 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of altrose shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

cf9a

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	erythrose-4-phosphate
Full name	D-Erythrose 4-phosphate
Molecular formula	C₄ H₉ O₇ P
Molecular weight	200.08 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-3.3 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of erythrose-4-phosphate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

72eb

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	alpha-linolenic acid
Full name	linolenic acid
Molecular formula	C₁₈ H₃₀ O₂
Molecular weight	278.40 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	5.9 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	9.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of alpha-linolenic acid shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

177d

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	arachidonic acid
Molecular formula	C₂₀ H₃₂ O₂
Molecular weight	304.50 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	6.3 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	10.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of arachidonic acid shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

714b

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Sedoheptulose
Molecular formula	C₇ H₁₄ O₇
Molecular weight	210.18 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-3.9 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of sedoheptulose shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

d3b3

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	thymidine 5'-diphosphate
Full name	dTDP
Molecular formula	C₁₀ H₁₆ N₂ O₁₁ P₂
Molecular weight	402.19 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-3.9 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.4

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of thymidine-5'-diphosphate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Correct MC

ec43

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	adenine
Molecular formula	C₅ H₅ N₅
Molecular weight	135.13 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-0.1 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of adenine shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Correct MC

255e

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	stearic acid
Molecular formula	C₁₈ H₃₆ O₂
Molecular weight	284.50 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	7.4 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	9.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of stearic acid shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

8c9b

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Ile-Leu-Glu
Molecular formula	C₁₇ H₃₁ N₃ O₆
Molecular weight	373.40 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-1.7 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.9

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of Ile-Leu-Glu shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Correct D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

a86e

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Tetrapeptide-11
Molecular formula	C₂₅ H₃₆ N₄ O₆
Molecular weight	488.60 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-0.3 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	2.5

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of tetrapeptide-11 shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Correct D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

3b5b

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Uridine 5'-monophosphate
Molecular formula	C₉ H₁₃ N₂ O₉ P
Molecular weight	324.18 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-3.6 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.1

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of uridine-5'-monophosphate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Correct MC

071d

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	galactitol
Full name	dulcitol
Molecular formula	C₆ H₁₄ O₆
Molecular weight	182.17 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-3.1 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of galactitol shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

cd3d

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	deoxyuridine 5'-diphosphate
Full name	dUDP
Molecular formula	C₉ H₁₄ N₂ O₁₁ P₂
Molecular weight	388.16 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-4.4 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.3

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of deoxyuridine-5'-diphosphate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Correct MC

9054

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine
Molecular formula	C₄₄ H₈₄ NO₈ P
Molecular weight	786.10 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	13.8 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	7.3

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

181b

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	xylulose
Full name	D-xylulose
Molecular formula	C₅ H₁₀ O₅
Molecular weight	150.13 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-2.6 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of xylulose shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

123d

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	l-anserine
Full name	Anserine
Molecular formula	C₁₀ H₁₆ N₄ O₃
Molecular weight	240.26 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-4.0 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.4

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of l-anserine shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Correct D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

5220

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	lysine
Full name	L-lysine
Molecular formula	C₆ H₁₄ N₂ O₂
Molecular weight	146.19 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-3.0 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.5

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of lysine shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Correct D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

42fd

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	docosapentaenoic acid
Molecular formula	C₂₂ H₃₄ O₂
Molecular weight	330.50 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	6.7 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	11.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of docosapentaenoic acid shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

d6c9

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	xanthine
Molecular formula	C₅ H₄ N₄ O₂
Molecular weight	152.11 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-0.7 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	0.8

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of Xanthine shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Correct MC

98a8

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	ribitol
Full name	xylitol
Molecular formula	C₅ H₁₂ O₅
Molecular weight	152.15 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-2.5 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of ribitol shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

4b60

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	xanthosine
Molecular formula	C₁₀ H₁₂ N₄ O₆
Molecular weight	284.23 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-2.4 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of Xanthosine shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Correct MC

cdbd

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	testosterone
Molecular formula	C₁₉ H₂₈ O₂
Molecular weight	288.40 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	3.3 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	9.5

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of testosterone shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

5be5

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	N-stearoylsphingomyelin
Molecular formula	C₄₁ H₈₃ N₂ O₆ P
Molecular weight	731.10 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	13.4 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	8.2

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of n-stearoylsphingomyelin shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

08bd

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	adenosine 5'-monophosphate
Molecular formula	C₁₀ H₁₄ N₅ O₇ P
Molecular weight	347.22 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-3.5 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.1

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of adenosine-5'-monophosphate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Correct MC

bc24

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	mannose
Full name	D-Man
Molecular formula	C₆ H₁₂ O₆
Molecular weight	180.16 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-2.6 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of mannose shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

8456

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Asn-Thr
Molecular formula	C₈ H₁₅ N₃ O₅
Molecular weight	233.22 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-5.4 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of Asn-Thr shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Correct D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

aff5

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	palmitoleic acid
Molecular formula	C₁₆ H₃₀ O₂
Molecular weight	254.41 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	6.4 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	8.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of palmitoleic acid shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

2c31

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	L-Theanine
Molecular formula	C₇ H₁₄ N₂ O₃
Molecular weight	174.20 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-3.6 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.4

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of l-theanine shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Correct D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

4af1

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	isocitrate
Full name	isocitric acid
Molecular formula	C₆ H₈ O₇
Molecular weight	192.12 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-1.8 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	0.9

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of isocitrate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

0e01

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Nandrolone Decanoate
Molecular formula	C₂₈ H₄₄ O₃
Molecular weight	428.60 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	7.3 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	9.3

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of nandrolone decanoate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

b259

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	caprylic acid
Full name	octanoic acid
Molecular formula	C₈ H₁₆ O₂
Molecular weight	144.21 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	3.0 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	4.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of caprylic acid shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

a0e4

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Docosahexaenoic acid
Molecular formula	C₂₂ H₃₂ O₂
Molecular weight	328.50 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	6.2 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	11.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of docosahexaenoic acid shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

f346

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	ribulose
Full name	D-ribulose
Molecular formula	C₅ H₁₀ O₅
Molecular weight	150.13 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-2.6 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of ribulose shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

d17e

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	cholesterol
Molecular formula	C₂₇ H₄₆ O
Molecular weight	386.70 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	8.7 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	27.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of cholesterol shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

d012

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Pro-Ala-Gln
Molecular formula	C₁₃ H₂₂ N₄ O₅
Molecular weight	314.34 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-5.4 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.4

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of Pro-Ala-Gln shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Correct D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

8821

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	deoxythymidine-triphosphate
Full name	Deoxythymidine triphosphate
Molecular formula	C₁₀ H₁₇ N₂ O₁₄ P₃
Molecular weight	482.17 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-5.0 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.4

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of deoxythymidine-triphosphate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Correct MC

aab0

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Glyceryl monostearate
Molecular formula	C₂₁ H₄₂ O₄
Molecular weight	358.60 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	7.4 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	5.2

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of glyceryl monostearate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

fd02

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	deae-cellulose
Full name	cellulose
Molecular formula	C₁₂ H₂₂ O₁₁
Molecular weight	342.30 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-4.7 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.1

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of deae-cellulose shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

1890

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Trp-Val-Lys
Molecular formula	C₂₂ H₃₃ N₅ O₄
Molecular weight	431.50 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-2.4 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	2.4

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of Trp-Val-Lys shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Correct D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

fc35

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	dextrose
Full name	D-Glc
Molecular formula	C₆ H₁₂ O₆
Molecular weight	180.16 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-2.6 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of dextrose shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

450f

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	nandrolone
Molecular formula	C₁₈ H₂₆ O₂
Molecular weight	274.40 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	2.6 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	9.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of nandrolone shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

b5ad

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Guanosine 5'-diphosphate
Molecular formula	C₁₀ H₁₅ N₅ O₁₁ P₂
Molecular weight	443.20 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-4.6 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of guanosine-5'-diphosphate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Correct MC

f62a

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Testosterone undecanoate
Molecular formula	C₃₀ H₄₈ O₃
Molecular weight	456.70 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	8.5 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	10.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of testosterone undecanoate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

6e8f

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	asp-trp
Full name	H-Asp-Trp-OH
Molecular formula	C₁₅ H₁₇ N₃ O₅
Molecular weight	319.31 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-3.1 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.9

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of Asp-Trp shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Correct D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

52f1

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	metandienone
Full name	Methandrostenolone
Molecular formula	C₂₀ H₂₈ O₂
Molecular weight	300.40 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	3.6 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	10.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of metandienone shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

c484

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	5-Methyluridine
Molecular formula	C₁₀ H₁₄ N₂ O₆
Molecular weight	258.23 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-1.6 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.2

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of 5-Methyluridine shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Correct MC

28ff

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	isoleucine
Full name	l-isoleucine
Molecular formula	C₆ H₁₃ NO₂
Molecular weight	131.17 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-1.7 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	2.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of isoleucine shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Correct D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

d670

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	cytidine
Molecular formula	C₉ H₁₃ N₃ O₅
Molecular weight	243.22 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-2.1 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.1

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of cytidine shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Correct MC

cd74

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	gamma-Glutamylglycine
Molecular formula	C₇ H₁₂ N₂ O₅
Molecular weight	204.18 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-4.3 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of gamma-Glutamylglycine shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Correct D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

e546

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Abbreviation	cys-gly
Full name	Cysteinylglycine
Molecular formula	C₅ H₁₀ N₂ O₃ S
Molecular weight	178.21 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-3.7 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of Cys-Gly shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Correct D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

9d9f

Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Raffinose
Molecular formula	C₁₈ H₃₂ O₁₆
Molecular weight	504.40 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-5.8 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.1

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of raffinose shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

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Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	trehalose-6-phosphate
Molecular formula	C₁₂ H₂₃ O₁₄ P
Molecular weight	422.28 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	-5.8 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	1.1

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of trehalose-6-phosphate shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Correct B. Lipids (fatty acids) Incorrect C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect MC

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Guide to Identifying the Chemical Structures of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Should have about the same number of oxygens as carbons. Look for hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to the carbon atoms. Carbonyl groups (C=O) are often present as well. Look for the base unit of CH₂O. Larger carbohydrates will form hexagon or pentagon ring-like structures.
Lipids (fatty acids) Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen. Very few oxygens and often no nitrogens. Fats and oils will have carboxyl groups (–COOH) and ester bonds Look for long chains or ring structures of only carbon and hydrogen. Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings.
Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Always have a nitrogen/amino group (–NH₂ or –NH₃⁺) Always have a carboxyl group (–COOH or –COO^-) Identify the central C_α (alpha-carbon) attached to an amino group and a carboxyl group Larger protein macromolecules will have a characteristic peptide bond (C–N) Try to identify common side chains (R groups).
Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Must have a nucleobase, rings containing carbon and nitrogen. Larger nucleic acids will have a sugar backbone and phosphate groups.
Phosphate groups (–PO₄^2-) Found in all of the macromolecule types. It is best to ignore them to not let them confuse you. The breakdown of carbohydrates involves add phosphates. Membrane lipids have phosphate head groups. Many proteins are phosphorylated for regulatory purposes. DNA has a phosphate backbone.

Molecule Information
Full name	Nervonic acid
Molecular formula	C₂₄ H₄₆ O₂
Molecular weight	366.60 g/mol
Image link	link to static image
Partition coefficient	9.8 logP
C/(O+N) ratio	12.0

Which one of the four main types of macromolecules is represented by the chemical structure of nervonic acid shown above?

A. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Incorrect B. Lipids (fatty acids) Correct C. Proteins (amino acids and dipeptides) Incorrect D. Nucleic acids (nucleobases) Incorrect