## TITLE('Biochemistry: Enzymatic Cofactor Classification')
## DESCRIPTION
## Identify which molecular entities can or cannot be classified as enzymatic cofactors, including metal ions, coenzymes, and vitamins.
## ENDDESCRIPTION
## KEYWORDS('enzymatic cofactors','coenzymes','metal ions','multiple choice')
## DBsubject('Biochemistry')
## DBchapter('')
## DBsection('')
## Date('2026-07-12')
## Author('Neil R. Voss')
## Institution('Roosevelt University')
DOCUMENT();
loadMacros(
"PGstandard.pl",
"PGML.pl",
"PGchoicemacros.pl",
"parserRadioButtons.pl",
"PGcourse.pl",
);
TEXT(beginproblem());
$showPartialCorrectAnswers = 1;
#==========================================================
# AUTO-GENERATED GROUPS FROM YAML
#==========================================================
@true_groups = (
[
'wrong choice, do NOT select',
],
[
'magnesium ion, Mg2+',
'calcium ion, Ca2+',
'sodium ion, Na+',
'potassium ion, K+',
'iron ions, Fe+2/Fe+3',
'zinc ion, Zn2+',
'copper ion, Cu2+',
'chloride ion, Cl-',
'manganese ions (Mn2+)',
],
[
'flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD → FADH2)',
'nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ → NADH)',
'nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+ → NADPH)',
'coenzyme A (CoA)',
'flavin mononucleotide (FMN → FMNH2)',
'coenzyme Q10, ubiquinone',
'pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), a derivative of Vitamin B6',
'tetrahydrofolate (THF), a form of folic acid, Vitamin B9',
'methylcobalamin, a form of Vitamin B12',
],
[
'vitamin B1, thiamin',
'vitamin B2, riboflavin',
'vitamin B3, niacin',
'vitamin B5, pantothenic acid',
'vitamin B6, pyridoxamine',
'vitamin B7, biotin',
'vitamin B9, folate',
'vitamin B12, cobalamins',
'vitamin A, retinol',
],
[
'testosterone, an anabolic-androgenic steroid and the principal male sex hormone',
'cholesterol, a cell membrane steroid',
'aldosterone, a steroid hormone that acts on the kidney',
'cortisol, a corticosteroid hormone that is produced in response to stress',
'estrone (E1), one of the estrogen steroid hormones responsible for female sex characteristics',
'estradiol (E2), one of the estrogen steroid hormones responsible for female sex characteristics',
'estriol (E3), one of the estrogen steroid hormones responsible for female sex characteristics',
'progesterone (P4), a steroid hormone involved in the menstrual cycle',
'dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a steroid hormone precursor',
],
[
'adenosine monophosphate (AMP)',
'adenosine diphosphate (ADP)',
'adenosine triphosphate (ATP)',
],
[
'the organic molecule of a heme porphyrin with an iron ion, Fe2+, attached',
'creatine, an organic molecule that recharges ATP',
'S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), an organic molecule used for methyl group transfer',
'quinone, an organic compound involved in electron transport',
],
);
@false_groups = (
[
'polyalanine peptide',
'ACTH protein',
'transcription factor proteins',
'the glycolysis enzyme, hexokinase',
'the glycolysis enzyme, pyruvate kinase',
'the glycolysis enzyme, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase',
'the oxygen transport protein, hemoglobin',
'insulin, a hormone and a protein',
'the structural protein, keratin',
'immunoglobulin proteins',
],
);
#==========================================================
# GLOBAL SETTINGS
#==========================================================
$topic = 'being an enzymatic cofactor';
my $local_random = PGrandom->new();
$local_random->srand($problemSeed);
my @mode_choices = ("TRUE", "FALSE");
$mode = $mode_choices[$local_random->random(0, $#mode_choices, 1)];
$num_distractors = 4;
# Question text with FALSE override
$question_false = 'Which one of the following molecular entities CANNOT be classified as an enzymatic cofactor?';
#==========================================================
# SELECT GROUP
#==========================================================
my (@selected_group, @opposite_groups);
if ($mode eq "TRUE") {
$group_index = $local_random->random(0, scalar(@true_groups)-1, 1);
@selected_group = @{ $true_groups[$group_index] };
@opposite_groups = @false_groups;
} else {
$group_index = $local_random->random(0, scalar(@false_groups)-1, 1);
@selected_group = @{ $false_groups[$group_index] };
@opposite_groups = @true_groups;
}
#==========================================================
# PICK CORRECT + DISTRACTORS
#==========================================================
my $correct_index = $local_random->random(0, $#selected_group, 1);
$correct = $selected_group[$correct_index];
my @available_group_indices = (0 .. $#opposite_groups);
my @selected_distractor_indices = ();
while (@selected_distractor_indices < $num_distractors && @available_group_indices > 0) {
my $random_index = $local_random->random(0, scalar(@available_group_indices)-1, 1);
push @selected_distractor_indices, splice(@available_group_indices, $random_index, 1);
}
@distractors = ();
foreach my $group_idx (@selected_distractor_indices) {
my @group = @{ $opposite_groups[$group_idx] };
my $distractor_index = $local_random->random(0, $#group, 1);
my $distractor = $group[$distractor_index];
push @distractors, $distractor;
}
@choices = ($correct, @distractors);
#==========================================================
# SHUFFLE CHOICES (SEED-STABLE)
#==========================================================
my @choice_indices = (0 .. $#choices);
my @choice_shuffled = ();
while (@choice_indices) {
my $pick = $local_random->random(0, $#choice_indices, 1);
push @choice_shuffled, splice(@choice_indices, $pick, 1);
}
@choices = @choices[@choice_shuffled];
#==========================================================
# RADIO BUTTONS WITH A/B/C/D/E LABELS
#==========================================================
$rb = RadioButtons(
[@choices],
$correct,
labels => ['A','B','C','D','E'],
displayLabels => 1,
randomize => 0,
separator => '',
);
#==========================================================
# PGML
#==========================================================
BEGIN_PGML
[@ $mode eq "TRUE" ? "Which one of the following statements is TRUE about $topic?" : $question_false @]*
[_]{$rb}
END_PGML
ENDDOCUMENT();