## TITLE('Sensory Coding Principles (Smell vs Taste)')
## DESCRIPTION
## Select the statement that is TRUE or FALSE about sensory coding principles (smell vs taste).
## ENDDESCRIPTION
## KEYWORDS('sensory coding principles (smell vs taste)','true/false','multiple choice')
## DBsubject('Cell Biology')
## DBchapter('')
## DBsection('')
## Date('2026-07-12')
## Author('Neil R. Voss')
## Institution('Roosevelt University')

DOCUMENT();

loadMacros(
  "PGstandard.pl",
  "PGML.pl",
  "PGchoicemacros.pl",
  "parserRadioButtons.pl",
  "PGcourse.pl",
);

TEXT(beginproblem());
$showPartialCorrectAnswers = 1;

#==========================================================
# AUTO-GENERATED GROUPS FROM YAML
#==========================================================

@true_groups = (
  [
    'An individual olfactory sensory neuron usually expresses a single olfactory receptor gene.',
    'A single olfactory sensory neuron typically expresses one receptor type.',
  ],
  [
    'Odor identity is encoded by patterns of activity across many olfactory receptor types.',
    'Many odorants activate multiple receptors, producing a combinatorial code for odor identity.',
  ],
  [
    'Different odorants can be distinguished even when they share some receptors, because the overall activation pattern differs.',
    'Odor discrimination can rely on different receptor activation patterns rather than a one odor to one receptor map.',
  ],
  [
    'Bitter taste is often encoded as an aversive category rather than many distinct bitter identities.',
    'Bitter perception is frequently treated as a danger signal, so fine bitter identity is NOT strongly separated.',
  ],
  [
    'Many bitter sensing taste cells express multiple bitter receptors, which limits preservation of bitter identity at the periphery.',
    'Coexpression of multiple bitter receptors in the same taste cells reduces the ability to label many separate bitter stimuli.',
  ],
  [
    'Taste coding often uses labeled line logic for categories like bitter, sweet, and umami.',
    'Some taste qualities are carried by dedicated pathways that preserve category identity.',
  ],
  [
    'Olfaction supports high discrimination partly because many receptors contribute to identity coding.',
    'Smell can distinguish many stimuli because odor identity depends on a large receptor repertoire and pattern coding.',
  ],
  [
    'Taste is commonly described using a small number of basic qualities (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami).',
    'Compared with smell, taste is organized into a few basic categories rather than many distinct identities.',
  ],
);
@false_groups = (
  [
    'Each olfactory sensory neuron expresses many different olfactory receptor genes at the same time.',
    'Olfactory sensory neurons usually express all olfactory receptor genes.',
  ],
  [
    'Each odorant activates only one olfactory receptor, so odor identity uses a one odor to one receptor code.',
    'Odor identity is determined mainly by odorant concentration, NOT by receptor activation patterns.',
  ],
  [
    'Odor identity is lost before reaching the brain, so the brain receives only intensity information.',
    'Olfactory signals are mixed into a single channel before the brain, which prevents odor discrimination.',
  ],
  [
    'Bitter taste discrimination is limited because bitter uses photoreceptors rather than chemoreceptors.',
    'Bitter taste does NOT use receptors and occurs only by diffusion into taste cells.',
  ],
  [
    'Bitter taste discrimination is high because each bitter taste cell expresses only one bitter receptor.',
    'Bitter identity is preserved at the periphery by one receptor per cell logic.',
  ],
  [
    'Taste categories are encoded only by intensity, NOT by which pathway is activated.',
    'Sweet and bitter activate the same dedicated pathway, so the brain cannot separate them.',
  ],
  [
    'Olfaction is low discrimination because it relies on labeled line coding for a few odor categories.',
    'Smell uses only a small set of receptors, so most odorants activate the same receptor.',
  ],
  [
    'Taste uses hundreds of receptor types to encode thousands of distinct taste identities like smell.',
    'Taste identity is primarily encoded by combinatorial patterns across many receptor types, like olfaction.',
  ],
);

#==========================================================
# GLOBAL SETTINGS
#==========================================================

$topic = 'sensory coding principles (smell vs taste)';
my $local_random = PGrandom->new();
$local_random->srand($problemSeed);
my @mode_choices = ("TRUE", "FALSE");
$mode = $mode_choices[$local_random->random(0, $#mode_choices, 1)];
$num_distractors = 4;
#==========================================================
# SELECT GROUP
#==========================================================

my (@selected_group, @opposite_groups);

if ($mode eq "TRUE") {
  $group_index      = $local_random->random(0, scalar(@true_groups)-1, 1);
  @selected_group   = @{ $true_groups[$group_index] };
  @opposite_groups  = @false_groups;
} else {
  $group_index      = $local_random->random(0, scalar(@false_groups)-1, 1);
  @selected_group   = @{ $false_groups[$group_index] };
  @opposite_groups  = @true_groups;
}

#==========================================================
# PICK CORRECT + DISTRACTORS
#==========================================================

my $correct_index = $local_random->random(0, $#selected_group, 1);
$correct = $selected_group[$correct_index];

my @available_group_indices = (0 .. $#opposite_groups);
my @selected_distractor_indices = ();

while (@selected_distractor_indices < $num_distractors && @available_group_indices > 0) {
  my $random_index = $local_random->random(0, scalar(@available_group_indices)-1, 1);
  push @selected_distractor_indices, splice(@available_group_indices, $random_index, 1);
}

@distractors = ();
foreach my $group_idx (@selected_distractor_indices) {
  my @group = @{ $opposite_groups[$group_idx] };
  my $distractor_index = $local_random->random(0, $#group, 1);
  my $distractor = $group[$distractor_index];
  push @distractors, $distractor;
}

@choices = ($correct, @distractors);

#==========================================================
# SHUFFLE CHOICES (SEED-STABLE)
#==========================================================

my @choice_indices = (0 .. $#choices);
my @choice_shuffled = ();
while (@choice_indices) {
  my $pick = $local_random->random(0, $#choice_indices, 1);
  push @choice_shuffled, splice(@choice_indices, $pick, 1);
}
@choices = @choices[@choice_shuffled];

#==========================================================
# RADIO BUTTONS WITH A/B/C/D/E LABELS
#==========================================================

$rb = RadioButtons(
  [@choices],
  $correct,
  labels        => ['A','B','C','D','E'],
  displayLabels => 1,
  randomize     => 0,
  separator     => '<div style="margin-bottom: 0.7em;"></div>',
);

#==========================================================
# PGML
#==========================================================

BEGIN_PGML

[@ $mode eq "TRUE" ? "Which one of the following statements is <span style='color: #127663;'><strong>TRUE</strong></span> about $topic?" : "Which one of the following statements is <span style='color: #ba372a;'><strong>FALSE</strong></span> about $topic?" @]*

[_]{$rb}

END_PGML

ENDDOCUMENT();