## DESCRIPTION
## Select the hypothesis test that corresponds to the given description.
## ENDDESCRIPTION
## KEYWORDS('hypothesis tests','descriptions','which one','multiple choice')
## DBsubject('Biostatistics')
## DBchapter('')
## DBsection('')
## Date('2026-07-12')
## Author('Neil R. Voss')
## Institution('Roosevelt University')
DOCUMENT();
loadMacros(
'PGstandard.pl',
'PGML.pl',
'PGchoicemacros.pl',
'parserRadioButtons.pl',
'PGcourse.pl',
);
TEXT(beginproblem());
$showPartialCorrectAnswers = 0;
#==========================================================
# QUESTION DATA
#==========================================================
# All questions data
@questions_data = (
{
'item_name' => 'Compares the mean of a sample to a known population mean when the population variance is known.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Benchmark Z-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'Used when comparing a sample\'s mean to a large dataset with a known population standard deviation.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Benchmark Z-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'The population mean systolic blood pressure is 120 mmHg with a standard deviation of 3.9 mmHg. You are testing a sample of n = 100 patients to see if the mean blood pressure differs from 120 mmHg.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Benchmark Z-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'The population mean gene expression is 200 units with a standard deviation of 5 units. You have a sample of n = 150 treated cells and want to test if the mean gene expression differs from the population mean.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Benchmark Z-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'The population mean pH in a wetland is 7.5 with a standard deviation of 0.32. You are sampling n = 50 water samples to check if the average pH has changed over time.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Benchmark Z-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'The average heart rate of a healthy adult population is 72 bpm, with a standard deviation of 4 bpm. You have a sample of n = 50 patients and want to test if their average heart rate differs from the population mean.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Benchmark Z-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'In a population of bacteria, the average gene expression level for a key metabolic gene is 100 units, with a standard deviation of 6 units. You collect n = 40 treated bacterial samples and want to test if their gene expression level differs from the population mean.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Benchmark Z-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'The average temperature in a coastal region is 20°C, with a standard deviation of 1.5°C. You collect n = 35 daily temperature readings from a nearby estuary and want to test if the estuary\'s average temperature differs from the regional mean.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Benchmark Z-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'Compares the mean of a sample to a known population mean when the population variance is unknown.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Benchmark T-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'Used when the population variance is unknown, and you have a smaller sample size (n < 30).',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Benchmark T-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'The population mean resting heart rate is 70 bpm, but the standard deviation is unknown. You collect a sample of n = 25 patients on a new drug to test if their mean heart rate differs from the population mean.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Benchmark T-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'The population mean protein concentration is 50 mg/mL, but the standard deviation is unknown. You are working with n = 20 samples and want to test if the mean protein concentration differs from the known mean.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Benchmark T-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'The population mean species richness is 25 species per plot, but the standard deviation is unknown. You have a small sample of n = 18 plots and want to test if species richness differs from the population mean.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Benchmark T-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'The average blood sugar level in the population is 90 mg/dL, but the standard deviation is unknown. You collect a sample of n = 20 patients and want to test if their average blood sugar level differs from the population mean.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Benchmark T-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'The average protein concentration in a standard cell line is 50 mg/mL, but the standard deviation is unknown. You collect n = 15 samples from a modified cell line to test if the mean protein concentration differs from the standard.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Benchmark T-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'The average tree height in a natural forest is 12 meters, but the standard deviation is unknown. You collect n = 12 samples from a reforested area to test if the average tree height differs from the natural forest.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Benchmark T-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'Compares the means of two independent groups to determine if they are statistically different from each other.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Two-Sample T-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'Used to determine whether the average heights of two different plant species are significantly different.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Two-Sample T-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'You are comparing the mean cholesterol levels between two groups, one receiving a placebo and the other a treatment. Each group contains n = 20 participants. You want to test if the means are significantly different.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Two-Sample T-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'You are comparing the mean gene expression of two cell lines, one treated and one untreated, with n = 25 samples in each group. You want to test if the means are significantly different.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Two-Sample T-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'You want to test if the mean number of species differs between two regions, one pristine and one affected by deforestation, with n = 25 plots in each region.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Two-Sample T-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'You are comparing the average recovery times between two groups of patients, one receiving a new drug and one receiving standard care, with n = 25 patients in each group. You want to test if the means are different.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Two-Sample T-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'You are comparing the average enzyme activity between two experimental conditions, one treated with a new inhibitor and one with a control, with n = 20 samples in each group. You want to test if the means are different.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Two-Sample T-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'You want to compare the average soil pH between two agricultural fields, one using organic fertilizer and one using conventional methods, with n = 30 soil samples from each field. You want to test if the means are significantly different.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Two-Sample T-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'Compares the variances of two independent groups to test if the variability between them is significantly different.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Two-Sample F-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'Used to test whether two different batches of products have equal variability in their measurements.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Two-Sample F-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'You are comparing the variability in blood pressure between two groups, one with n = 25 patients on a standard drug and another with n = 40 patients on an experimental drug. You want to test if the variances are different.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Two-Sample F-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'You are comparing the variance of protein concentrations between two experimental batches, each with n = 25 samples, to see if their variability differs.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Two-Sample F-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'You are comparing the variability in soil nutrient levels between two areas, one fertilized and one unfertilized, with n = 25 samples in each group. You want to test if the variances differ.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Two-Sample F-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'You are comparing the variability in cholesterol levels between two groups, one receiving a diet plan and the other receiving medication, with n = 40 patients in each group. You want to test if the variances are significantly different.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Two-Sample F-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'You are comparing the variability in protein yield between two different laboratory protocols, each using n = 25 samples. You want to test if the variances in protein yield are significantly different.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Two-Sample F-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'You are comparing the variability in air pollution measurements between two cities, with n = 35 measurements from each city. You want to test if the variances in pollution levels differ significantly.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Two-Sample F-test',
},
{
'item_name' => 'Compares the means of more than two groups to determine if at least one group\'s mean is significantly different from the others.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
},
{
'item_name' => 'Used to compare the average exam scores across three different classrooms.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
},
{
'item_name' => 'You want to compare the mean blood glucose levels of patients in four drug groups, each group has n = 30 participants. You want to test if at least one group\'s mean differs significantly.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
},
{
'item_name' => 'You are testing if the mean protein abundance differs across four experimental conditions, with n = 25 samples per condition.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
},
{
'item_name' => 'You want to compare the mean number of plant species across five habitats, with n = 20 plots in each habitat. You want to test if any habitat shows a significantly different mean.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
},
{
'item_name' => 'You want to compare the mean weight loss between patients following four (4) different diet plans, with n = 30 participants in each group. You want to test if there are significant differences in mean weight loss across the groups.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
},
{
'item_name' => 'You are testing if the mean DNA replication rate differs across four different temperatures, with n = 20 samples per temperature. You want to test if any group shows significantly different replication rates.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
},
{
'item_name' => 'You are studying bird populations across five different habitats. You collect n = 25 bird counts from each habitat and want to test if there is a significant difference in the mean number of birds observed across the habitats.',
'plural_choice' => 'hypothesis tests',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'Benchmark Z-test',
'Benchmark T-test',
'Two-Sample T-test',
'Two-Sample F-test',
'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
],
'correct' => 'Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)',
},
);
#==========================================================
# SELECT RANDOM QUESTION
#==========================================================
my $local_random = PGrandom->new();
$local_random->srand($problemSeed);
$question_idx = $local_random->random(0, scalar(@questions_data) - 1, 1);
$q = $questions_data[$question_idx];
$item_name = $q->{'item_name'};
$plural_choice = $q->{'plural_choice'};
$singular_item = $q->{'singular_item'};
@choices = @{ $q->{'choices'} };
$correct = $q->{'correct'};
#==========================================================
# SHUFFLE CHOICES (SEED-STABLE)
#==========================================================
my @choice_indices = (0 .. $#choices);
my @choice_shuffled = ();
while (@choice_indices) {
my $pick = $local_random->random(0, $#choice_indices, 1);
push @choice_shuffled, splice(@choice_indices, $pick, 1);
}
@choices = @choices[@choice_shuffled];
#==========================================================
# BUILD RADIO BUTTONS
#==========================================================
$rb = RadioButtons(
[@choices],
$correct,
labels => 'ABC',
displayLabels => 1,
randomize => 0,
separator => '',
);
#==========================================================
# PGML
#==========================================================
BEGIN_PGML
Which one of the following [$plural_choice]* corresponds to the [$singular_item]* [$item_name]*?
[_]{$rb}
END_PGML
BEGIN_PGML_SOLUTION
The correct answer is: [$correct]*
END_PGML_SOLUTION
ENDDOCUMENT();