## DESCRIPTION ## Match each of the following Mendel's Foundational Principles of Genetics with their corresponding descriptions. ## ENDDESCRIPTION ## KEYWORDS('Mendel\'s Foundational Principles of Genetics','descriptions') ## DBsubject('Genetics') ## DBchapter('') ## DBsection('') ## Date('2026-07-12') ## Author('Neil R. Voss') ## Institution('Roosevelt University') DOCUMENT(); loadMacros( 'PGstandard.pl', 'PGML.pl', 'PGchoicemacros.pl', 'parserPopUp.pl', 'parserUtils.pl', 'PGgraders.pl', 'PGcourse.pl' ); our @ALPHABET = ('A' .. 'Z'); # ================================ # Full matching data # ================================ %match_data = ( 'Principle of Paired Factors' => [ 'Each organism has two alleles that make up the characters for a given trait.', 'Character is represented in an organism by two alleles.', 'For a given characteristic, each trait consists of two alleles.', 'Each organism has two alleles for each gene.', 'Genotypes for specific traits are determined by two alleles.', 'Two alleles contribute to an organism\'s characteristic.', 'An organism possesses two alleles for each specific trait.', 'The genetic makeup for a particular characteristic in an organism involves two alleles.', 'A single trait in an organism is influenced by two alleles.', 'The presence of two alleles accounts for each trait in an organism.', 'An organism has two alleles that make up the characters for a specific trait.', 'Each trait in an organism is determined by two alleles.', 'Two alleles define each specific trait in an organism.', 'Two alleles determine a single trait in the offspring.', 'Each organism has two alleles that influence a given characteristic.', 'For every characteristic, an organism possesses two alleles.', 'The genetic makeup for each character involves two alleles.', ], 'Principle of Dominance' => [ 'Out of the two different alleles for the same gene, only one is able to express its effect.', 'For each character there is a dominant allele, the trait is determined by that allele.', 'For each characters there is a dominant allele, the phenotype is determined by that allele.', 'Recessive alleles are NOT expressed in the phenotype of the hybrid organism.', 'Dominant alleles are the ones that determine the phenotype of the hybrid organism.', 'Some alleles are dominant, which means that their phenotype will mask the recessive phenotype.', 'Dominant alleles mask the expression of their recessive counterparts.', 'In cases where contrasting alleles are present, the dominant allele determines the phenotype.', 'Dominant alleles express their effects even when present in just a single copy.', 'If contrasting alleles are present, the dominant one determines the phenotype.', 'Presence of a dominant allele overrides the expression of the recessive allele.', 'When different alleles exist, the dominant alleles determines the organism\'s traits.', 'In a set of differing alleles, one will usually mask the effect of the other.', 'When two different alleles are present, one usually determines the observable traits.', 'One allele\'s traits will often be expressed over another allele\'s when both are present.', 'The observable traits with mixed alleles are usually determined by one dominant allele.', 'When different alleles are present, the effect of one will generally dominate.', ], 'Law of Segregation' => [ 'Each parent contributes just one of their two alleles to its offspring.', 'Two factors of a character get randomly distributed to different gametes.', 'When the gametes are formed, the factors separate and are distributed as units to each gamete.', 'Allele pairs separate during the formation of gametes.', 'Two alleles for each trait separate during the formation of gametes.', 'A gamete carries only one allele for a gene but NOT both the alleles.', 'Pairs of alleles separate during gamete formation.', 'During gamete formation, allele pairs are separated into individual gametes.', 'Each parent passes a single allele for each trait to the offspring during sexual reproduction.', 'One allele from each gene pair is transmitted to an individual gamete.', 'During the creation of gametes, alleles are distributed individually.', 'Alleles from each parent are separated into individual gametes.', 'During the creation of gametes, each parent contributes a single allele for each characteristic.', 'A gamete carries just one of the two alleles for each characteristic.', 'Two alleles for a character are randomly distributed into different gametes.', ], 'Law of Independent Assortment' => [ 'Two different characters will be inherited separately from each other.', 'Inheritance of genes at one location does NOT influence the inheritance of genes at another location.', 'The segregation of one gene pair doesn\'t affect the segregation of another.', 'Inheritance patterns for one trait do NOT interfere with those of another trait.', 'The segregation of one pair of alleles is NOT influenced by another pair.', 'Traits from different genes are passed down separately from one another.', 'The inheritance of one gene has no bearing on the inheritance of another gene located at a different location.', 'Genes at one location have no impact on the inheritance of genes at a separate location.', 'The factors affecting one characteristic don\'t alter the factors affecting another characteristic during gamete creation.', 'Traits inherited from different genes do NOT influence each other.', 'Sorting one pair of alleles into gametes does NOT alter the sorting of another pair of alleles.', 'No connection exists between the inheritance patterns of one trait and those of a different trait.', 'During the creation of gametes, the grouping of one set of alleles doesn\'t affect the grouping of another set.', 'Each pair of traits is passed down without any impact on the passage of other pairs during the creation of gametes.', 'The inheritance of one gene does NOT impact the inheritance of another separate gene.', 'The inheritance of one trait doesn\'t influence the inheritance of another.', 'Alleles for different traits are passed down without influencing each other.', 'Traits from separate genes do NOT affect each other during the reproductive process.', 'In the process of forming gametes, each set of alleles sorts without impacting another set.', 'The inheritance of one set of alleles has no impact on another set.', ], ); # ------------------------------- # Select N random keys # ------------------------------- my $n = 4; @all_keys = PGsort(sub { $_[0] lt $_[1] }, keys %match_data); my $local_seed = (defined($problemSeed) && $problemSeed ne '') ? $problemSeed : 1; my $local_random = new PGrandom($local_seed); my @indices = (0 .. $#all_keys); my @shuffled = (); while (@indices) { my $pick = $local_random->random(0, $#indices, 1); push @shuffled, splice(@indices, $pick, 1); } my @selected_keys = @all_keys[@shuffled[0..$n-1]]; # ------------------------------- # Build question/answer pairs # ------------------------------- # Each entry: [prompt, choice] @q_and_a = (); foreach my $key (@selected_keys) { my $values_ref = $match_data{$key}; my $i = $local_random->random(0, $#$values_ref, 1); my $value = $values_ref->[$i]; push @q_and_a, [ $value, $key ]; } # ------------------------------- # Randomize the questions # ------------------------------- my @q_indices = (0 .. $#q_and_a); my @q_shuffled = (); while (@q_indices) { my $pick = $local_random->random(0, $#q_indices, 1); push @q_shuffled, $q_and_a[splice(@q_indices, $pick, 1)]; } @q_and_a = @q_shuffled; # ------------------------------- # Sort the choices alphabetically # ------------------------------- @answers = (); push(@answers, (map { $_->[1] } @q_and_a)); @answers_sorted = PGsort(sub { $_[0] lt $_[1] }, @answers); # ------------------------------- # HTML-safe answer labels # ------------------------------- %answer_html = ( 'Principle of Paired Factors' => 'Principle of Paired Factors', 'Principle of Dominance' => 'Principle of Dominance', 'Law of Segregation' => 'Law of Segregation', 'Law of Independent Assortment' => 'Law of Independent Assortment', ); @answers_sorted_html = map { $answer_html{$_} || $_ } @answers_sorted; # ------------------------------- # Create answer index lookup # ------------------------------- our %answer_index; for (my $i = 0; $i <= $#answers_sorted; $i++) { $answer_index{$answers_sorted[$i]} = $i; } # ------------------------------- # PopUp/DropDown compatibility # ------------------------------- sub make_popup { return defined &DropDown ? DropDown(@_) : PopUp(@_); } # ------------------------------- # Create popup objects (blank default) # ------------------------------- my @answer_letters = @ALPHABET[0 .. $#answers_sorted]; my @answer_letters_with_blank = ('', @answer_letters); @answer_dropdowns = map { make_popup([ @answer_letters_with_blank ], $answer_index{$q_and_a[$_][1]} + 1 ) } 0 .. $#q_and_a; # ------------------------------- # Render the question # ------------------------------- HEADER_TEXT(< .pgml-bold { font-weight: 700; } .two-column { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 2rem; align-items: center; justify-content: space-evenly; } END_STYLE $question_text = 'Match each of the following Mendel\'s Foundational Principles of Genetics with their corresponding descriptions.'; $note_text = 'Note: Each choice will be used exactly once.'; BEGIN_PGML [$question_text]* [$note_text]* [@ MODES(HTML => '

') @]* [@ join( "\n\n", map { '[_]{$answer_dropdowns[' . $_ . ']} ' . '*' . ($_ + 1) . '.* ' . '[$q_and_a[' . $_ . '][0]]*' } 0 .. $#q_and_a ) @]** [@ MODES(HTML => '

') @]* [@ join( "\n\n", map { chr(65 + $_) . '\\.' . ' ' . '[$answers_sorted_html[' . $_ . ']]*' } 0 .. $#answers_sorted ) @]** [@ MODES(HTML => '

') @]* END_PGML # ------------------------------- # Dynamic Partial Credit Based on $n # ------------------------------- $showPartialCorrectAnswers = 0; my @thresholds; my @scores; for (my $i = 1; $i <= $n; $i++) { push @thresholds, $i; push @scores, sprintf("%.2f", $i / $n); } install_problem_grader(~~&custom_problem_grader_fluid); $ENV{grader_numright} = [@thresholds]; $ENV{grader_scores} = [@scores]; $ENV{grader_message} = 'You can earn partial credit.'; # ------------------------------- # Solution # ------------------------------- $answer_list = join(', ', map { ($_ + 1) . '-' . $ALPHABET[$answer_index{$q_and_a[$_][1]}] } 0 .. $#q_and_a); BEGIN_PGML_SOLUTION The correct answers are: [$answer_list]. END_PGML_SOLUTION ENDDOCUMENT();