FIB_PLUS

30bd_48dd

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

In this problem, you will use unordered tetrads to determine the order of three genes and calculate the distances between them. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used in this study. A cross has been performed to study the linkage relationships among three genes, and the resulting genotypes are summarized in the table below.

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene N is correlated with the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.
Gene P is connected with the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.
Gene R is related to the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,754

1,554

6,955

TOTAL =

11,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes N and P is [NP] cM (NP)
The distance between genes N and R is [NR] cM (NR)
The distance between genes P and R is [PR] cM (PR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

NP 22 NR 8 PR 15 geneorder nrp prn FIB_PLUS

3e6e_7510

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is affiliated with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene K is linked with the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene X is related to the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

163

4,638

8,964

7,242

521

TOTAL =

21,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and K is [EK] cM (EK)
The distance between genes E and X is [EX] cM (EX)
The distance between genes K and X is [KX] cM (KX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EK 14 EX 37 KX 25 geneorder ekx xke FIB_PLUS

d173_922f

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is related to the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene E is associated with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene J is correlated with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

225

8,442

9,690

1,962

TOTAL =

20,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and E is [AE] cM (AE)
The distance between genes A and J is [AJ] cM (AJ)
The distance between genes E and J is [EJ] cM (EJ)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AE 6 AJ 25 EJ 29 geneorder eaj jae FIB_PLUS

09c2_8f8a

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene F is affiliated with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene M is associated with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene R is analogous to the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

195

12,285

7,566

8,112

494

598

TOTAL =

29,250

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes F and M is [FM] cM (FM)
The distance between genes F and R is [FR] cM (FR)
The distance between genes M and R is [MR] cM (MR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

FM 38 FR 20 MR 22 geneorder frm mrf FIB_PLUS

ae7a_3165

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is connected with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene C is affiliated with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene W is connected with the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,002

5,880

3,492

TOTAL =

10,500

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and C is [AC] cM (AC)
The distance between genes A and W is [AW] cM (AW)
The distance between genes C and W is [CW] cM (CW)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AC 6 AW 20 CW 24 geneorder caw wac FIB_PLUS

b0c7_0a92

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is linked with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene H is affiliated with the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.
Gene Y is linked with the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

143

3,192

5,850

1,938

TOTAL =

11,250

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and H is [AH] cM (AH)
The distance between genes A and Y is [AY] cM (AY)
The distance between genes H and Y is [HY] cM (HY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AH 12 AY 28 HY 20 geneorder ahy yha FIB_PLUS

a383_1215

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is linked with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene N is affiliated with the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.
Gene R is linked with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

3,054

269

6,846

141

10,785

TOTAL =

21,150

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and N is [EN] cM (EN)
The distance between genes E and R is [ER] cM (ER)
The distance between genes N and R is [NR] cM (NR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EN 28 ER 10 NR 22 geneorder ern nre FIB_PLUS

4557_9783

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is affiliated with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene F is correlated with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene H is affiliated with the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,832

14,850

8,994

256

TOTAL =

27,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and F is [EF] cM (EF)
The distance between genes E and H is [EH] cM (EH)
The distance between genes F and H is [FH] cM (FH)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EF 6 EH 25 FH 20 geneorder efh hfe FIB_PLUS

d11e_fbe0

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is associated with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene N is related to the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.
Gene X is related to the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

16,317

2,178

6,516

132

TOTAL =

25,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and N is [EN] cM (EN)
The distance between genes E and X is [EX] cM (EX)
The distance between genes N and X is [NX] cM (NX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EN 19 EX 5 NX 15 geneorder exn nxe FIB_PLUS

92a5_3ab1

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is analogous to the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene M is connected with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene X is analogous to the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,286

103

3,108

8,178

TOTAL =

13,800

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and M is [BM] cM (BM)
The distance between genes B and X is [BX] cM (BX)
The distance between genes M and X is [MX] cM (MX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BM 11 BX 15 MX 23 geneorder mbx xbm FIB_PLUS

4ca0_7f47

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is linked with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene F is associated with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene H is affiliated with the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

3,276

146

4,506

12,628

TOTAL =

20,700

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and F is [EF] cM (EF)
The distance between genes E and H is [EH] cM (EH)
The distance between genes F and H is [FH] cM (FH)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EF 10 EH 22 FH 14 geneorder efh hfe FIB_PLUS

6990_88fa

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is associated with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene N is correlated with the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.
Gene W is correlated with the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

290

4,470

239

4,086

7,935

230

TOTAL =

17,250

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and N is [AN] cM (AN)
The distance between genes A and W is [AW] cM (AW)
The distance between genes N and W is [NW] cM (NW)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AN 34 AW 20 NW 22 geneorder awn nwa FIB_PLUS

2a86_ce63

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene F is linked with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene K is analogous to the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene W is affiliated with the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

293

7,206

3,948

13,198

166

TOTAL =

24,900

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes F and K is [FK] cM (FK)
The distance between genes F and W is [FW] cM (FW)
The distance between genes K and W is [KW] cM (KW)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

FK 27 FW 11 KW 20 geneorder fwk kwf FIB_PLUS

a1d0_2738

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene F is analogous to the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene K is affiliated with the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene M is analogous to the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

259

5,496

6,825

2,304

TOTAL =

15,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes F and K is [FK] cM (FK)
The distance between genes F and M is [FM] cM (FM)
The distance between genes K and M is [KM] cM (KM)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

FK 10 FM 32 KM 25 geneorder fkm mkf FIB_PLUS

dde0_4fef

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene N is associated with the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.
Gene T is affiliated with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.
Gene Y is related to the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,487

696

948

TOTAL =

4,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes N and T is [NT] cM (NT)
The distance between genes N and Y is [NY] cM (NY)
The distance between genes T and Y is [TY] cM (TY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

NT 23 NY 11 TY 15 geneorder nyt tyn FIB_PLUS

20b8_48e9

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene K is related to the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene P is associated with the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.
Gene W is analogous to the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

270

3,624

4,788

2,532

110

TOTAL =

11,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes K and P is [KP] cM (KP)
The distance between genes K and W is [KW] cM (KW)
The distance between genes P and W is [PW] cM (PW)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

KP 16 KW 25 PW 37 geneorder pkw wkp FIB_PLUS

d624_1a38

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is affiliated with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene T is linked with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.
Gene W is associated with the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,614

185

6,954

7,980

TOTAL =

16,800

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and T is [AT] cM (AT)
The distance between genes A and W is [AW] cM (AW)
The distance between genes T and W is [TW] cM (TW)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AT 29 AW 6 TW 25 geneorder awt twa FIB_PLUS

c030_434f

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is associated with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene J is associated with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene X is related to the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

115

1,914

126

3,696

2,370

179

TOTAL =

8,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and J is [AJ] cM (AJ)
The distance between genes A and X is [AX] cM (AX)
The distance between genes J and X is [JX] cM (JX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AJ 20 AX 25 JX 36 geneorder jax xaj FIB_PLUS

058a_8b28

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is linked with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene B is affiliated with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene Y is analogous to the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,542

2,618

1,062

TOTAL =

5,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and B is [AB] cM (AB)
The distance between genes A and Y is [AY] cM (AY)
The distance between genes B and Y is [BY] cM (BY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AB 15 AY 22 BY 31 geneorder bay yab FIB_PLUS

b050_8c25

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is linked with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene M is related to the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene T is affiliated with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

342

10,032

5,202

6,426

311

487

TOTAL =

22,800

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and M is [EM] cM (EM)
The distance between genes E and T is [ET] cM (ET)
The distance between genes M and T is [MT] cM (MT)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EM 36 ET 20 MT 25 geneorder etm mte FIB_PLUS

2af1_602e

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene F is associated with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene J is analogous to the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene P is linked with the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

157

6,408

1,314

7,090

TOTAL =

15,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes F and J is [FJ] cM (FJ)
The distance between genes F and P is [FP] cM (FP)
The distance between genes J and P is [JP] cM (JP)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

FJ 29 FP 5 JP 25 geneorder fpj jpf FIB_PLUS

872d_fa86

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is analogous to the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene D is affiliated with the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.
Gene T is related to the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

240

6,192

7,314

2,076

TOTAL =

15,900

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and D is [CD] cM (CD)
The distance between genes C and T is [CT] cM (CT)
The distance between genes D and T is [DT] cM (DT)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CD 8 CT 25 DT 31 geneorder dct tcd FIB_PLUS

96a7_db31

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is associated with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene J is associated with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene Y is correlated with the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

585

9,720

11,545

4,992

113

TOTAL =

27,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and J is [CJ] cM (CJ)
The distance between genes C and Y is [CY] cM (CY)
The distance between genes J and Y is [JY] cM (JY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CJ 11 CY 25 JY 35 geneorder jcy ycj FIB_PLUS

2fd3_2c6b

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is linked with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene F is affiliated with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene R is correlated with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

144

13,102

6,240

8,508

256

550

TOTAL =

28,800

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and F is [BF] cM (BF)
The distance between genes B and R is [BR] cM (BR)
The distance between genes F and R is [FR] cM (FR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BF 34 BR 15 FR 22 geneorder brf frb FIB_PLUS

e470_4c65

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene N is correlated with the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.
Gene X is analogous to the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.
Gene Y is related to the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

176

4,824

1,476

5,490

TOTAL =

12,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes N and X is [NX] cM (NX)
The distance between genes N and Y is [NY] cM (NY)
The distance between genes X and Y is [XY] cM (XY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

NX 31 NY 7 XY 25 geneorder nyx xyn FIB_PLUS

3fe6_8bc9

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene J is linked with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene M is related to the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene R is analogous to the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,824

7,050

5,826

204

TOTAL =

15,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes J and M is [JM] cM (JM)
The distance between genes J and R is [JR] cM (JR)
The distance between genes M and R is [MR] cM (MR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

JM 8 JR 30 MR 25 geneorder jmr rmj FIB_PLUS

b084_742d

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is associated with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene N is associated with the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.
Gene P is linked with the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

3,431

558

1,362

TOTAL =

5,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and N is [EN] cM (EN)
The distance between genes E and P is [EP] cM (EP)
The distance between genes N and P is [NP] cM (NP)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EN 20 EP 6 NP 15 geneorder epn npe FIB_PLUS

da26_7ae1

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is associated with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene N is correlated with the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.
Gene X is associated with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

5,166

2,886

4,044

128

313

TOTAL =

12,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and N is [BN] cM (BN)
The distance between genes B and X is [BX] cM (BX)
The distance between genes N and X is [NX] cM (NX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BN 38 BX 16 NX 25 geneorder bxn nxb FIB_PLUS

762d_eb47

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is linked with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene N is connected with the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.
Gene X is linked with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

117

10,646

5,070

6,912

208

447

TOTAL =

23,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and N is [CN] cM (CN)
The distance between genes C and X is [CX] cM (CX)
The distance between genes N and X is [NX] cM (NX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CN 34 CX 15 NX 22 geneorder cxn nxc FIB_PLUS

bbe8_b6f6

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is connected with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene J is analogous to the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene W is correlated with the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

125

2,220

154

2,406

4,050

TOTAL =

9,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and J is [CJ] cM (CJ)
The distance between genes C and W is [CW] cM (CW)
The distance between genes J and W is [JW] cM (JW)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CJ 18 CW 35 JW 20 geneorder cjw wjc FIB_PLUS

1f63_aa54

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene F is related to the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene J is affiliated with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene M is analogous to the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

3,474

415

11,328

12,904

TOTAL =

28,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes F and J is [FJ] cM (FJ)
The distance between genes F and M is [FM] cM (FM)
The distance between genes J and M is [JM] cM (JM)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

FJ 7 FM 31 JM 25 geneorder fjm mjf FIB_PLUS

8b28_7108

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene H is analogous to the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.
Gene R is associated with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.
Gene Y is affiliated with the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

154

1,974

1,614

2,967

TOTAL =

6,900

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes H and R is [HR] cM (HR)
The distance between genes H and Y is [HY] cM (HY)
The distance between genes R and Y is [RY] cM (RY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

HR 37 HY 20 RY 25 geneorder hyr ryh FIB_PLUS

ce92_029f

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is associated with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene E is analogous to the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene H is linked with the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,892

278

5,892

8,820

TOTAL =

18,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and E is [AE] cM (AE)
The distance between genes A and H is [AH] cM (AH)
The distance between genes E and H is [EH] cM (EH)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AE 10 AH 30 EH 22 geneorder aeh hea FIB_PLUS

a008_0bf0

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is correlated with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene P is correlated with the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.
Gene R is associated with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

792

4,356

4,924

TOTAL =

10,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and P is [CP] cM (CP)
The distance between genes C and R is [CR] cM (CR)
The distance between genes P and R is [PR] cM (PR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CP 5 CR 28 PR 25 geneorder cpr rpc FIB_PLUS

2bf4_b982

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is related to the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene D is analogous to the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.
Gene R is associated with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,644

146

8,484

13,680

TOTAL =

24,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and D is [AD] cM (AD)
The distance between genes A and R is [AR] cM (AR)
The distance between genes D and R is [DR] cM (DR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AD 4 AR 20 DR 23 geneorder dar rad FIB_PLUS

2766_c059

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene J is affiliated with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene K is correlated with the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene M is related to the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

924

1,218

2,281

TOTAL =

4,560

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes J and K is [JK] cM (JK)
The distance between genes J and M is [JM] cM (JM)
The distance between genes K and M is [KM] cM (KM)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

JK 30 JM 15 KM 20 geneorder jmk kmj FIB_PLUS

34d0_6b1f

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is connected with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene M is related to the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene X is analogous to the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

490

12,789

7,044

7,950

492

635

TOTAL =

29,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and M is [AM] cM (AM)
The distance between genes A and X is [AX] cM (AX)
The distance between genes M and X is [MX] cM (MX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AM 37 AX 22 MX 25 geneorder axm mxa FIB_PLUS

6901_7816

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is correlated with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene C is related to the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene N is affiliated with the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

116

2,610

4,674

3,660

283

TOTAL =

11,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and C is [BC] cM (BC)
The distance between genes B and N is [BN] cM (BN)
The distance between genes C and N is [CN] cM (CN)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BC 16 BN 25 CN 38 geneorder cbn nbc FIB_PLUS

255d_5095

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene F is related to the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene H is affiliated with the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.
Gene Y is correlated with the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,154

8,837

7,578

249

TOTAL =

18,900

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes F and H is [FH] cM (FH)
The distance between genes F and Y is [FY] cM (FY)
The distance between genes H and Y is [HY] cM (HY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

FH 7 FY 30 HY 25 geneorder fhy yhf FIB_PLUS

8221_0d4d

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is correlated with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene J is related to the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene T is related to the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

346

8,508

15,583

4,662

105

196

TOTAL =

29,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and J is [BJ] cM (BJ)
The distance between genes B and T is [BT] cM (BT)
The distance between genes J and T is [JT] cM (JT)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BJ 11 BT 27 JT 20 geneorder bjt tjb FIB_PLUS

87ee_cddf

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene K is affiliated with the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene T is associated with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.
Gene X is affiliated with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

630

3,526

2,958

TOTAL =

7,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes K and T is [KT] cM (KT)
The distance between genes K and X is [KX] cM (KX)
The distance between genes T and X is [TX] cM (TX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

KT 5 KX 28 TX 24 geneorder ktx xtk FIB_PLUS

7eff_43d7

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is affiliated with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene T is related to the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.
Gene X is affiliated with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,406

11,714

6,882

202

TOTAL =

21,300

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and T is [BT] cM (BT)
The distance between genes B and X is [BX] cM (BX)
The distance between genes T and X is [TX] cM (TX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BT 7 BX 20 TX 25 geneorder tbx xbt FIB_PLUS

647c_45bb

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is analogous to the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene F is connected with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene P is related to the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,074

1,504

606

TOTAL =

3,300

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and F is [CF] cM (CF)
The distance between genes C and P is [CP] cM (CP)
The distance between genes F and P is [FP] cM (FP)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CF 14 CP 33 FP 25 geneorder cfp pfc FIB_PLUS

314b_1271

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is associated with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene M is associated with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene R is linked with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

122

2,418

105

5,040

2,664

151

TOTAL =

10,500

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and M is [EM] cM (EM)
The distance between genes E and R is [ER] cM (ER)
The distance between genes M and R is [MR] cM (MR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EM 18 ER 20 MR 32 geneorder mer rem FIB_PLUS

2ee7_46ec

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is analogous to the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene H is connected with the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.
Gene X is correlated with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

741

9,234

304

6,726

11,400

TOTAL =

28,500

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and H is [BH] cM (BH)
The distance between genes B and X is [BX] cM (BX)
The distance between genes H and X is [HX] cM (HX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BH 39 BX 16 HX 25 geneorder bxh hxb FIB_PLUS

0c2d_eb0e

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is connected with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene D is associated with the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.
Gene Y is linked with the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,536

5,430

3,450

135

TOTAL =

10,650

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and D is [AD] cM (AD)
The distance between genes A and Y is [AY] cM (AY)
The distance between genes D and Y is [DY] cM (DY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AD 10 AY 28 DY 22 geneorder ady yda FIB_PLUS

823b_def1

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is connected with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene P is connected with the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.
Gene R is correlated with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

4,437

1,740

3,768

205

TOTAL =

10,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and P is [AP] cM (AP)
The distance between genes A and R is [AR] cM (AR)
The distance between genes P and R is [PR] cM (PR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AP 34 AR 10 PR 25 geneorder arp pra FIB_PLUS

f1b7_ff48

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is linked with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene C is correlated with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene T is related to the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,270

576

1,278

TOTAL =

4,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and C is [AC] cM (AC)
The distance between genes A and T is [AT] cM (AT)
The distance between genes C and T is [CT] cM (CT)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AC 26 AT 9 CT 20 geneorder atc cta FIB_PLUS

b473_2333

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene D is related to the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.
Gene J is linked with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene W is related to the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,758

14,278

4,242

TOTAL =

20,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes D and J is [DJ] cM (DJ)
The distance between genes D and W is [DW] cM (DW)
The distance between genes J and W is [JW] cM (JW)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

DJ 5 DW 12 JW 16 geneorder jdw wdj FIB_PLUS

b59f_675d

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is related to the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene F is affiliated with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene M is linked with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,716

101

3,048

7,685

TOTAL =

12,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and F is [BF] cM (BF)
The distance between genes B and M is [BM] cM (BM)
The distance between genes F and M is [FM] cM (FM)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BF 22 BM 8 FM 15 geneorder bmf fmb FIB_PLUS

2c46_adeb

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene F is analogous to the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene M is connected with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene R is correlated with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

187

3,630

7,273

3,108

130

TOTAL =

14,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes F and M is [FM] cM (FM)
The distance between genes F and R is [FR] cM (FR)
The distance between genes M and R is [MR] cM (MR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

FM 15 FR 18 MR 30 geneorder mfr rfm FIB_PLUS

f026_44eb

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is linked with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene J is connected with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene N is analogous to the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

115

2,280

4,750

2,514

142

TOTAL =

9,900

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and J is [CJ] cM (CJ)
The distance between genes C and N is [CN] cM (CN)
The distance between genes J and N is [JN] cM (JN)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CJ 18 CN 20 JN 32 geneorder jcn ncj FIB_PLUS

d391_18cc

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is analogous to the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene F is analogous to the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene R is associated with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

295

7,332

13,038

3,738

123

TOTAL =

24,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and F is [CF] cM (CF)
The distance between genes C and R is [CR] cM (CR)
The distance between genes F and R is [FR] cM (FR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CF 10 CR 20 FR 27 geneorder fcr rcf FIB_PLUS

5d84_4b3d

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is correlated with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene D is linked with the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.
Gene F is related to the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

194

5,460

395

7,566

184

13,801

TOTAL =

27,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and D is [BD] cM (BD)
The distance between genes B and F is [BF] cM (BF)
The distance between genes D and F is [DF] cM (DF)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BD 30 BF 14 DF 20 geneorder bfd dfb FIB_PLUS

97b3_a6cf

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene D is analogous to the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.
Gene J is associated with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene M is connected with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

4,266

453

9,972

235

13,186

TOTAL =

28,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes D and J is [DJ] cM (DJ)
The distance between genes D and M is [DM] cM (DM)
The distance between genes J and M is [JM] cM (JM)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

DJ 31 DM 11 JM 25 geneorder dmj jmd FIB_PLUS

e1a2_ee0b

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene M is connected with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene N is analogous to the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.
Gene T is analogous to the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

3,204

260

4,938

8,548

TOTAL =

17,100

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes M and N is [MN] cM (MN)
The distance between genes M and T is [MT] cM (MT)
The distance between genes N and T is [NT] cM (NT)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

MN 12 MT 30 NT 20 geneorder mnt tnm FIB_PLUS

f27c_ae3b

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is correlated with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene F is related to the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene R is linked with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

132

3,612

14,255

8,058

285

TOTAL =

26,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and F is [BF] cM (BF)
The distance between genes B and R is [BR] cM (BR)
The distance between genes F and R is [FR] cM (FR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BF 9 BR 26 FR 20 geneorder bfr rfb FIB_PLUS

8a8f_be0d

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is connected with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene E is connected with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene Y is analogous to the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

631

7,824

11,340

6,486

315

404

TOTAL =

27,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and E is [CE] cM (CE)
The distance between genes C and Y is [CY] cM (CY)
The distance between genes E and Y is [EY] cM (EY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CE 20 CY 25 EY 38 geneorder ecy yce FIB_PLUS

6b0e_9001

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is associated with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene P is linked with the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.
Gene Y is affiliated with the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

436

6,024

320

9,960

6,696

564

TOTAL =

24,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and P is [EP] cM (EP)
The distance between genes E and Y is [EY] cM (EY)
The distance between genes P and Y is [PY] cM (PY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EP 22 EY 25 PY 39 geneorder pey yep FIB_PLUS

31a8_a655

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene D is connected with the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.
Gene H is related to the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.
Gene J is analogous to the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,530

7,555

6,576

176

TOTAL =

15,900

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes D and H is [DH] cM (DH)
The distance between genes D and J is [DJ] cM (DJ)
The distance between genes H and J is [HJ] cM (HJ)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

DH 6 DJ 29 HJ 25 geneorder dhj jhd FIB_PLUS

ac6a_2874

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is related to the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene K is connected with the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene N is analogous to the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,722

16,631

6,696

102

TOTAL =

25,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and K is [EK] cM (EK)
The distance between genes E and N is [EN] cM (EN)
The distance between genes K and N is [KN] cM (KN)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EK 4 EN 15 KN 18 geneorder ken nek FIB_PLUS

861b_15ae

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is associated with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene T is correlated with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.
Gene X is analogous to the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

212

5,046

517

7,590

243

10,692

TOTAL =

24,300

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and T is [CT] cM (CT)
The distance between genes C and X is [CX] cM (CX)
The distance between genes T and X is [TX] cM (TX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CT 35 CX 16 TX 25 geneorder cxt txc FIB_PLUS

2ee9_5c21

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is correlated with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene K is linked with the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene X is correlated with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

101

1,284

1,110

1,890

TOTAL =

4,500

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and K is [EK] cM (EK)
The distance between genes E and X is [EX] cM (EX)
The distance between genes K and X is [KX] cM (KX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EK 38 EX 20 KX 24 geneorder exk kxe FIB_PLUS

43a6_f841

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene D is related to the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.
Gene T is correlated with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.
Gene X is analogous to the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

148

3,648

6,677

1,998

TOTAL =

12,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes D and T is [DT] cM (DT)
The distance between genes D and X is [DX] cM (DX)
The distance between genes T and X is [TX] cM (TX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

DT 11 DX 20 TX 27 geneorder tdx xdt FIB_PLUS

31da_bccf

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is associated with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene M is associated with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene W is related to the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

126

2,814

6,120

3,408

197

TOTAL =

12,750

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and M is [BM] cM (BM)
The distance between genes B and W is [BW] cM (BW)
The distance between genes M and W is [MW] cM (MW)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BM 16 BW 32 MW 20 geneorder bmw wmb FIB_PLUS

9a9a_158e

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene J is analogous to the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene X is correlated with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.
Gene Y is affiliated with the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

177

3,984

7,134

5,586

432

TOTAL =

17,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes J and X is [JX] cM (JX)
The distance between genes J and Y is [JY] cM (JY)
The distance between genes X and Y is [XY] cM (XY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

JX 16 JY 25 XY 38 geneorder xjy yjx FIB_PLUS

df62_10db

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is associated with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene B is connected with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene T is connected with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

13,991

3,834

8,100

322

TOTAL =

26,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and B is [AB] cM (AB)
The distance between genes A and T is [AT] cM (AT)
The distance between genes B and T is [BT] cM (BT)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AB 27 AT 9 BT 20 geneorder atb bta FIB_PLUS

afaa_1754

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is connected with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene W is linked with the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.
Gene X is analogous to the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,524

3,313

1,842

107

TOTAL =

6,900

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and W is [EW] cM (EW)
The distance between genes E and X is [EX] cM (EX)
The distance between genes W and X is [WX] cM (WX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EW 16 EX 20 WX 32 geneorder wex xew FIB_PLUS

eea2_6897

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene F is correlated with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene K is analogous to the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene R is connected with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

474

2,647

2,214

TOTAL =

5,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes F and K is [FK] cM (FK)
The distance between genes F and R is [FR] cM (FR)
The distance between genes K and R is [KR] cM (KR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

FK 5 FR 24 KR 28 geneorder kfr rfk FIB_PLUS

1065_7eef

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is correlated with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene D is linked with the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.
Gene X is analogous to the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

4,392

521

10,692

12,481

TOTAL =

28,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and D is [AD] cM (AD)
The distance between genes A and X is [AX] cM (AX)
The distance between genes D and X is [DX] cM (DX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AD 33 AX 9 DX 25 geneorder axd dxa FIB_PLUS

8f6b_7960

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is affiliated with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene P is linked with the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.
Gene W is linked with the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,548

3,438

12,915

TOTAL =

18,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and P is [BP] cM (BP)
The distance between genes B and W is [BW] cM (BW)
The distance between genes P and W is [PW] cM (PW)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BP 15 BW 5 PW 11 geneorder bwp pwb FIB_PLUS

0ed4_de0f

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene H is correlated with the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.
Gene T is linked with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.
Gene Y is analogous to the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

412

6,504

644

7,752

264

10,824

TOTAL =

26,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes H and T is [HT] cM (HT)
The distance between genes H and Y is [HY] cM (HY)
The distance between genes T and Y is [TY] cM (TY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

HT 39 HY 20 TY 25 geneorder hyt tyh FIB_PLUS

f767_7bf9

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is analogous to the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene J is affiliated with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene W is affiliated with the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,080

2,843

798

TOTAL =

4,800

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and J is [EJ] cM (EJ)
The distance between genes E and W is [EW] cM (EW)
The distance between genes J and W is [JW] cM (JW)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EJ 11 EW 15 JW 23 geneorder jew wej FIB_PLUS

2e4a_7858

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene N is connected with the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.
Gene T is correlated with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.
Gene W is related to the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

247

3,666

5,147

2,466

TOTAL =

11,700

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes N and T is [NT] cM (NT)
The distance between genes N and W is [NW] cM (NW)
The distance between genes T and W is [TW] cM (TW)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

NT 15 NW 35 TW 24 geneorder ntw wtn FIB_PLUS

846c_1e6f

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is related to the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene H is connected with the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.
Gene R is affiliated with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

257

3,858

5,250

2,442

100

TOTAL =

12,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and H is [BH] cM (BH)
The distance between genes B and R is [BR] cM (BR)
The distance between genes H and R is [HR] cM (HR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BH 15 BR 25 HR 35 geneorder hbr rbh FIB_PLUS

77f8_c1e0

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is linked with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene H is affiliated with the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.
Gene X is connected with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

101

4,524

18,240

5,394

146

TOTAL =

28,500

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and H is [EH] cM (EH)
The distance between genes E and X is [EX] cM (EX)
The distance between genes H and X is [HX] cM (HX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EH 10 EX 12 HX 20 geneorder hex xeh FIB_PLUS

7542_8987

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene D is analogous to the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.
Gene F is connected with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene Y is related to the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,856

120

212

5,208

9,540

TOTAL =

18,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes D and F is [DF] cM (DF)
The distance between genes D and Y is [DY] cM (DY)
The distance between genes F and Y is [FY] cM (FY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

DF 11 DY 27 FY 20 geneorder dfy yfd FIB_PLUS

2b4d_80aa

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is correlated with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene K is connected with the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene N is linked with the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

219

5,220

7,126

2,148

TOTAL =

14,850

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and K is [EK] cM (EK)
The distance between genes E and N is [EN] cM (EN)
The distance between genes K and N is [KN] cM (KN)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EK 10 EN 24 KN 30 geneorder ken nek FIB_PLUS

9787_ef51

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene J is associated with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene P is linked with the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.
Gene T is correlated with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

4,026

440

8,952

168

11,529

TOTAL =

25,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes J and P is [JP] cM (JP)
The distance between genes J and T is [JT] cM (JT)
The distance between genes P and T is [PT] cM (PT)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

JP 32 JT 11 PT 25 geneorder jtp ptj FIB_PLUS

8c3e_64b7

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene D is correlated with the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.
Gene N is analogous to the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.
Gene R is related to the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

996

624

1,275

TOTAL =

3,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes D and N is [DN] cM (DN)
The distance between genes D and R is [DR] cM (DR)
The distance between genes N and R is [NR] cM (NR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

DN 36 DR 14 NR 25 geneorder drn nrd FIB_PLUS

94e0_d9ca

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene P is correlated with the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.
Gene X is connected with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.
Gene Y is associated with the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

291

8,400

14,417

3,456

TOTAL =

26,700

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes P and X is [PX] cM (PX)
The distance between genes P and Y is [PY] cM (PY)
The distance between genes X and Y is [XY] cM (XY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

PX 8 PY 20 XY 26 geneorder xpy ypx FIB_PLUS

5d30_f6cb

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene M is correlated with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene N is linked with the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.
Gene R is analogous to the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

434

7,428

10,374

4,200

136

228

TOTAL =

22,800

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes M and N is [MN] cM (MN)
The distance between genes M and R is [MR] cM (MR)
The distance between genes N and R is [NR] cM (NR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

MN 14 MR 33 NR 25 geneorder mnr rnm FIB_PLUS

d587_8d0f

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene D is correlated with the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.
Gene F is analogous to the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene R is connected with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,098

492

1,945

TOTAL =

3,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes D and F is [DF] cM (DF)
The distance between genes D and R is [DR] cM (DR)
The distance between genes F and R is [FR] cM (FR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

DF 26 DR 9 FR 20 geneorder drf frd FIB_PLUS

e3a2_0696

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene J is related to the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene K is analogous to the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene Y is linked with the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

726

2,316

5,291

TOTAL =

8,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes J and K is [JK] cM (JK)
The distance between genes J and Y is [JY] cM (JY)
The distance between genes K and Y is [KY] cM (KY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

JK 5 JY 16 KY 20 geneorder kjy yjk FIB_PLUS

f715_2e2e

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene P is correlated with the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.
Gene R is linked with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.
Gene Y is connected with the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

108

1,698

168

2,028

2,829

TOTAL =

6,900

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes P and R is [PR] cM (PR)
The distance between genes P and Y is [PY] cM (PY)
The distance between genes R and Y is [RY] cM (RY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

PR 20 PY 39 RY 25 geneorder pry yrp FIB_PLUS

9da8_7f90

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is correlated with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene B is linked with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene H is analogous to the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

242

6,984

2,874

11,987

TOTAL =

22,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and B is [AB] cM (AB)
The distance between genes A and H is [AH] cM (AH)
The distance between genes B and H is [BH] cM (BH)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AB 26 AH 8 BH 20 geneorder ahb bha FIB_PLUS

bb59_644b

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene N is connected with the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.
Gene P is linked with the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.
Gene T is affiliated with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

318

6,324

613

8,670

392

13,083

TOTAL =

29,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes N and P is [NP] cM (NP)
The distance between genes N and T is [NT] cM (NT)
The distance between genes P and T is [PT] cM (PT)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

NP 35 NT 18 PT 25 geneorder ntp ptn FIB_PLUS

d695_3ae7

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is connected with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene F is correlated with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene P is associated with the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

3,192

1,140

8,776

TOTAL =

13,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and F is [AF] cM (AF)
The distance between genes A and P is [AP] cM (AP)
The distance between genes F and P is [FP] cM (FP)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AF 18 AP 5 FP 14 geneorder apf fpa FIB_PLUS

505b_ccb2

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene D is connected with the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.
Gene E is associated with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene K is affiliated with the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,566

3,360

2,466

165

TOTAL =

7,680

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes D and E is [DE] cM (DE)
The distance between genes D and K is [DK] cM (DK)
The distance between genes E and K is [EK] cM (EK)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

DE 15 DK 35 EK 25 geneorder dek ked FIB_PLUS

f6a0_8579

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene F is linked with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene J is associated with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene T is affiliated with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,242

594

1,656

TOTAL =

3,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes F and J is [FJ] cM (FJ)
The distance between genes F and T is [FT] cM (FT)
The distance between genes J and T is [JT] cM (JT)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

FJ 32 FT 12 JT 25 geneorder ftj jtf FIB_PLUS

5966_a308

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene F is analogous to the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene P is linked with the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.
Gene X is associated with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

390

8,244

12,346

4,056

TOTAL =

25,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes F and P is [FP] cM (FP)
The distance between genes F and X is [FX] cM (FX)
The distance between genes P and X is [PX] cM (PX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

FP 10 FX 30 PX 22 geneorder fpx xpf FIB_PLUS

fa3f_c3ed

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene M is linked with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene R is correlated with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.
Gene Y is linked with the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

774

1,134

1,548

TOTAL =

3,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes M and R is [MR] cM (MR)
The distance between genes M and Y is [MY] cM (MY)
The distance between genes R and Y is [RY] cM (RY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

MR 16 MY 25 RY 36 geneorder rmy ymr FIB_PLUS

88e5_faed

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is correlated with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene J is affiliated with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene M is associated with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

4,050

468

10,440

12,489

TOTAL =

27,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and J is [EJ] cM (EJ)
The distance between genes E and M is [EM] cM (EM)
The distance between genes J and M is [JM] cM (JM)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EJ 9 EM 32 JM 25 geneorder ejm mje FIB_PLUS

aea2_a526

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is related to the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene H is linked with the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.
Gene Y is linked with the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,484

254

3,606

4,900

TOTAL =

11,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and H is [AH] cM (AH)
The distance between genes A and Y is [AY] cM (AY)
The distance between genes H and Y is [HY] cM (HY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AH 36 AY 15 HY 24 geneorder ayh hya FIB_PLUS

b9cc_bc9f

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is correlated with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene K is analogous to the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene T is connected with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

238

3,084

2,196

3,936

TOTAL =

9,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and K is [AK] cM (AK)
The distance between genes A and T is [AT] cM (AT)
The distance between genes K and T is [KT] cM (KT)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AK 38 AT 16 KT 25 geneorder atk kta FIB_PLUS

153b_1048

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is linked with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene H is analogous to the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.
Gene X is associated with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,260

143

6,918

7,819

TOTAL =

16,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and H is [AH] cM (AH)
The distance between genes A and X is [AX] cM (AX)
The distance between genes H and X is [HX] cM (HX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AH 5 AX 28 HX 25 geneorder ahx xha FIB_PLUS

8109_1259

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is linked with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene J is associated with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene W is associated with the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

146

3,498

10,018

7,782

382

TOTAL =

21,900

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and J is [EJ] cM (EJ)
The distance between genes E and W is [EW] cM (EW)
The distance between genes J and W is [JW] cM (JW)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EJ 11 EW 32 JW 25 geneorder ejw wje FIB_PLUS

2811_efff

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is connected with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene F is linked with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene H is analogous to the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,892

8,233

7,056

343

TOTAL =

18,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and F is [EF] cM (EF)
The distance between genes E and H is [EH] cM (EH)
The distance between genes F and H is [FH] cM (FH)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EF 9 EH 33 FH 25 geneorder efh hfe FIB_PLUS

61c7_5618

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene F is connected with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene K is related to the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene N is related to the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,424

264

5,316

6,900

TOTAL =

15,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes F and K is [FK] cM (FK)
The distance between genes F and N is [FN] cM (FN)
The distance between genes K and N is [KN] cM (KN)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

FK 10 FN 24 KN 32 geneorder kfn nfk FIB_PLUS

63d8_779d

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is affiliated with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene P is correlated with the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.
Gene R is connected with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

9,360

948

8,748

110

TOTAL =

19,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and P is [BP] cM (BP)
The distance between genes B and R is [BR] cM (BR)
The distance between genes P and R is [PR] cM (PR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BP 27 BR 3 PR 25 geneorder brp prb FIB_PLUS

8e8b_29c4

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is affiliated with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene K is related to the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene P is correlated with the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

184

4,272

328

5,328

9,024

TOTAL =

19,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and K is [BK] cM (BK)
The distance between genes B and P is [BP] cM (BP)
The distance between genes K and P is [KP] cM (KP)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BK 33 BP 15 KP 20 geneorder bpk kpb FIB_PLUS

04ac_88c1

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is correlated with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene C is associated with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene X is associated with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,457

828

1,980

TOTAL =

5,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and C is [BC] cM (BC)
The distance between genes B and X is [BX] cM (BX)
The distance between genes C and X is [CX] cM (CX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BC 32 BX 10 CX 25 geneorder bxc cxb FIB_PLUS

9fbb_a085

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is associated with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene J is correlated with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene T is affiliated with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

109

2,748

301

4,116

5,263

TOTAL =

12,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and J is [CJ] cM (CJ)
The distance between genes C and T is [CT] cM (CT)
The distance between genes J and T is [JT] cM (JT)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CJ 15 CT 25 JT 37 geneorder jct tcj FIB_PLUS

36f0_39f3

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is connected with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene J is correlated with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene N is correlated with the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,458

9,995

5,196

114

TOTAL =

16,800

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and J is [CJ] cM (CJ)
The distance between genes C and N is [CN] cM (CN)
The distance between genes J and N is [JN] cM (JN)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CJ 5 CN 18 JN 22 geneorder jcn ncj FIB_PLUS

6228_934e

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is connected with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene F is connected with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene H is connected with the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,640

297

4,122

5,107

TOTAL =

12,300

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and F is [EF] cM (EF)
The distance between genes E and H is [EH] cM (EH)
The distance between genes F and H is [FH] cM (FH)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EF 37 EH 14 FH 25 geneorder ehf fhe FIB_PLUS

f205_389e

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene D is correlated with the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.
Gene H is associated with the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.
Gene T is analogous to the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

4,104

3,324

16,975

TOTAL =

24,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes D and H is [DH] cM (DH)
The distance between genes D and T is [DT] cM (DT)
The distance between genes H and T is [HT] cM (HT)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

DH 17 DT 8 HT 10 geneorder dth htd FIB_PLUS

4031_4668

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene J is connected with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene R is analogous to the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.
Gene T is analogous to the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

213

3,558

333

4,398

234

6,864

TOTAL =

15,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes J and R is [JR] cM (JR)
The distance between genes J and T is [JT] cM (JT)
The distance between genes R and T is [RT] cM (RT)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

JR 36 JT 20 RT 25 geneorder jtr rtj FIB_PLUS

f753_fdab

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is linked with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene M is correlated with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene X is associated with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

286

8,154

2,556

9,870

105

TOTAL =

21,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and M is [AM] cM (AM)
The distance between genes A and X is [AX] cM (AX)
The distance between genes M and X is [MX] cM (MX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AM 30 AX 8 MX 25 geneorder axm mxa FIB_PLUS

a818_1547

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is related to the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene N is linked with the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.
Gene T is correlated with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,010

6,480

5,622

239

TOTAL =

14,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and N is [AN] cM (AN)
The distance between genes A and T is [AT] cM (AT)
The distance between genes N and T is [NT] cM (NT)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AN 8 AT 25 NT 32 geneorder nat tan FIB_PLUS

6672_c5c8

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene H is linked with the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.
Gene T is linked with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.
Gene W is connected with the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,274

4,959

3,768

246

TOTAL =

11,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes H and T is [HT] cM (HT)
The distance between genes H and W is [HW] cM (HW)
The distance between genes T and W is [TW] cM (TW)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

HT 14 HW 25 TW 35 geneorder thw wht FIB_PLUS

ae44_d03f

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is related to the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene M is correlated with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene Y is connected with the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

105

181

4,584

502

6,858

8,770

TOTAL =

21,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and M is [EM] cM (EM)
The distance between genes E and Y is [EY] cM (EY)
The distance between genes M and Y is [MY] cM (MY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EM 15 EY 25 MY 37 geneorder mey yem FIB_PLUS

1e39_1ce8

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene J is associated with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene N is linked with the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.
Gene W is related to the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,826

130

9,070

7,116

309

TOTAL =

19,500

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes J and N is [JN] cM (JN)
The distance between genes J and W is [JW] cM (JW)
The distance between genes N and W is [NW] cM (NW)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

JN 10 JW 25 NW 31 geneorder njw wjn FIB_PLUS

ab03_a830

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is associated with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene E is related to the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene H is related to the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

8,821

1,464

6,330

149

TOTAL =

16,800

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and E is [BE] cM (BE)
The distance between genes B and H is [BH] cM (BH)
The distance between genes E and H is [EH] cM (EH)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BE 26 BH 5 EH 22 geneorder bhe ehb FIB_PLUS

0c2f_61f6

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is linked with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene N is related to the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.
Gene T is related to the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

4,130

2,088

3,036

214

TOTAL =

9,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and N is [AN] cM (AN)
The distance between genes A and T is [AT] cM (AT)
The distance between genes N and T is [NT] cM (NT)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AN 36 AT 15 NT 24 geneorder atn nta FIB_PLUS

b555_012c

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene H is linked with the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.
Gene T is related to the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.
Gene Y is connected with the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

243

4,980

8,876

3,126

TOTAL =

17,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes H and T is [HT] cM (HT)
The distance between genes H and Y is [HY] cM (HY)
The distance between genes T and Y is [TY] cM (TY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

HT 12 HY 29 TY 20 geneorder hty yth FIB_PLUS

faf6_8428

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is linked with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene M is related to the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene P is affiliated with the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,364

8,737

4,218

155

TOTAL =

15,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and M is [AM] cM (AM)
The distance between genes A and P is [AP] cM (AP)
The distance between genes M and P is [MP] cM (MP)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AM 10 AP 18 MP 25 geneorder map pam FIB_PLUS

3330_8277

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is related to the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene P is correlated with the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.
Gene T is related to the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

187

2,538

3,845

2,364

155

TOTAL =

9,150

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and P is [AP] cM (AP)
The distance between genes A and T is [AT] cM (AT)
The distance between genes P and T is [PT] cM (PT)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AP 20 AT 22 PT 38 geneorder pat tap FIB_PLUS

148a_3c8f

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is correlated with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene B is affiliated with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene E is affiliated with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,374

618

5,168

TOTAL =

7,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and B is [AB] cM (AB)
The distance between genes A and E is [AE] cM (AE)
The distance between genes B and E is [BE] cM (BE)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AB 15 AE 5 BE 11 geneorder aeb bea FIB_PLUS

a37c_ae34

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is connected with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene R is correlated with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.
Gene X is associated with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,286

10,250

4,062

135

TOTAL =

16,800

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and R is [CR] cM (CR)
The distance between genes C and X is [CX] cM (CX)
The distance between genes R and X is [RX] cM (RX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CR 8 CX 15 RX 22 geneorder rcx xcr FIB_PLUS

ad34_14b0

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is correlated with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene K is connected with the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene X is affiliated with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

404

6,486

315

11,340

7,824

631

TOTAL =

27,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and K is [BK] cM (BK)
The distance between genes B and X is [BX] cM (BX)
The distance between genes K and X is [KX] cM (KX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BK 20 BX 25 KX 38 geneorder kbx xbk FIB_PLUS

e57a_d29a

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene H is correlated with the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.
Gene P is related to the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.
Gene X is linked with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

446

9,744

12,970

4,224

138

TOTAL =

27,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes H and P is [HP] cM (HP)
The distance between genes H and X is [HX] cM (HX)
The distance between genes P and X is [PX] cM (PX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

HP 10 HX 31 PX 24 geneorder hpx xph FIB_PLUS

f787_f9ca

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene D is affiliated with the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.
Gene F is connected with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene T is linked with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

3,822

126

14,114

6,810

251

TOTAL =

25,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes D and F is [DF] cM (DF)
The distance between genes D and T is [DT] cM (DT)
The distance between genes F and T is [FT] cM (FT)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

DF 10 DT 18 FT 25 geneorder fdt tdf FIB_PLUS

808c_460d

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is connected with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene J is analogous to the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene X is correlated with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

130

3,912

170

9,078

6,696

414

TOTAL =

20,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and J is [AJ] cM (AJ)
The distance between genes A and X is [AX] cM (AX)
The distance between genes J and X is [JX] cM (JX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AJ 14 AX 25 JX 34 geneorder jax xaj FIB_PLUS

3506_3754

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene F is correlated with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene M is related to the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene R is affiliated with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,644

189

7,074

8,125

TOTAL =

17,100

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes F and M is [FM] cM (FM)
The distance between genes F and R is [FR] cM (FR)
The distance between genes M and R is [MR] cM (MR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

FM 6 FR 29 MR 25 geneorder fmr rmf FIB_PLUS

0ad1_6aef

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene H is affiliated with the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.
Gene R is analogous to the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.
Gene W is related to the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

362

7,656

11,467

3,762

TOTAL =

23,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes H and R is [HR] cM (HR)
The distance between genes H and W is [HW] cM (HW)
The distance between genes R and W is [RW] cM (RW)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

HR 10 HW 30 RW 22 geneorder hrw wrh FIB_PLUS

b39a_5881

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is affiliated with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene B is related to the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene X is correlated with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

302

5,538

6,525

2,562

TOTAL =

15,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and B is [AB] cM (AB)
The distance between genes A and X is [AX] cM (AX)
The distance between genes B and X is [BX] cM (BX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AB 10 AX 34 BX 25 geneorder abx xba FIB_PLUS

ae73_566d

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene P is correlated with the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.
Gene R is correlated with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.
Gene X is correlated with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

146

7,566

10,753

1,560

TOTAL =

20,100

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes P and R is [PR] cM (PR)
The distance between genes P and X is [PX] cM (PX)
The distance between genes R and X is [RX] cM (RX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

PR 5 PX 22 RX 25 geneorder rpx xpr FIB_PLUS

ffef_25cc

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is connected with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene F is linked with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene R is correlated with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

12,917

2,148

9,264

219

TOTAL =

24,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and F is [CF] cM (CF)
The distance between genes C and R is [CR] cM (CR)
The distance between genes F and R is [FR] cM (FR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CF 26 CR 5 FR 22 geneorder crf frc FIB_PLUS

afc8_6863

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene H is affiliated with the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.
Gene J is connected with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene N is associated with the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

7,569

2,970

6,426

350

TOTAL =

17,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes H and J is [HJ] cM (HJ)
The distance between genes H and N is [HN] cM (HN)
The distance between genes J and N is [JN] cM (JN)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

HJ 34 HN 10 JN 25 geneorder hnj jnh FIB_PLUS

ccf1_6164

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is related to the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene F is related to the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene H is affiliated with the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

360

5,694

231

9,703

6,594

518

TOTAL =

23,100

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and F is [BF] cM (BF)
The distance between genes B and H is [BH] cM (BH)
The distance between genes F and H is [FH] cM (FH)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BF 20 BH 24 FH 38 geneorder fbh hbf FIB_PLUS

2040_d83a

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene H is connected with the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.
Gene M is related to the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene Y is correlated with the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

3,150

8,970

6,912

343

TOTAL =

19,500

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes H and M is [HM] cM (HM)
The distance between genes H and Y is [HY] cM (HY)
The distance between genes M and Y is [MY] cM (MY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

HM 10 HY 24 MY 32 geneorder mhy yhm FIB_PLUS

0952_bd73

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene D is associated with the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.
Gene N is associated with the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.
Gene X is connected with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,368

1,593

558

TOTAL =

3,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes D and N is [DN] cM (DN)
The distance between genes D and X is [DX] cM (DX)
The distance between genes N and X is [NX] cM (NX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

DN 9 DX 25 NX 33 geneorder ndx xdn FIB_PLUS

3500_3d98

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is correlated with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene C is affiliated with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene R is associated with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

100

1,986

5,520

4,134

211

TOTAL =

12,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and C is [BC] cM (BC)
The distance between genes B and R is [BR] cM (BR)
The distance between genes C and R is [CR] cM (CR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BC 12 BR 32 CR 25 geneorder bcr rcb FIB_PLUS

057c_a318

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is associated with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene K is analogous to the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene X is affiliated with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,136

167

7,608

14,635

TOTAL =

24,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and K is [BK] cM (BK)
The distance between genes B and X is [BX] cM (BX)
The distance between genes K and X is [KX] cM (KX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BK 22 BX 5 KX 18 geneorder bxk kxb FIB_PLUS

7a34_711c

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is related to the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene K is analogous to the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene T is linked with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

7,314

2,076

6,192

240

TOTAL =

15,900

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and K is [EK] cM (EK)
The distance between genes E and T is [ET] cM (ET)
The distance between genes K and T is [KT] cM (KT)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EK 31 ET 8 KT 25 geneorder etk kte FIB_PLUS

66b2_14b2

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is connected with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene D is connected with the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.
Gene M is correlated with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

894

4,555

1,098

TOTAL =

6,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and D is [AD] cM (AD)
The distance between genes A and M is [AM] cM (AM)
The distance between genes D and M is [DM] cM (DM)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AD 8 AM 10 DM 17 geneorder dam mad FIB_PLUS

e708_7fc5

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is connected with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene D is affiliated with the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.
Gene F is affiliated with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

241

5,526

589

7,920

166

10,458

TOTAL =

24,900

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and D is [CD] cM (CD)
The distance between genes C and F is [CF] cM (CF)
The distance between genes D and F is [DF] cM (DF)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CD 37 CF 16 DF 25 geneorder cfd dfc FIB_PLUS

e0be_80ad

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is connected with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene J is affiliated with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene K is analogous to the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,232

243

4,890

6,347

TOTAL =

13,800

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and J is [AJ] cM (AJ)
The distance between genes A and K is [AK] cM (AK)
The distance between genes J and K is [JK] cM (JK)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AJ 10 AK 24 JK 32 geneorder jak kaj FIB_PLUS

f2e1_746c

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is linked with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene M is linked with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene W is connected with the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

188

3,432

5,820

2,352

120

TOTAL =

12,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and M is [CM] cM (CM)
The distance between genes C and W is [CW] cM (CW)
The distance between genes M and W is [MW] cM (MW)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CM 15 CW 22 MW 31 geneorder mcw wcm FIB_PLUS

4a25_2da8

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene D is correlated with the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.
Gene F is analogous to the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene M is affiliated with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,440

128

7,422

11,970

TOTAL =

21,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes D and F is [DF] cM (DF)
The distance between genes D and M is [DM] cM (DM)
The distance between genes F and M is [FM] cM (FM)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

DF 23 DM 4 FM 20 geneorder dmf fmd FIB_PLUS

efee_83e0

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is correlated with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene D is associated with the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.
Gene W is analogous to the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,050

5,880

4,926

119

TOTAL =

12,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and D is [AD] cM (AD)
The distance between genes A and W is [AW] cM (AW)
The distance between genes D and W is [DW] cM (DW)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AD 5 AW 28 DW 24 geneorder adw wda FIB_PLUS

1dd3_3ec9

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is associated with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene F is correlated with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene J is analogous to the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

235

3,588

2,022

4,284

TOTAL =

10,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and F is [BF] cM (BF)
The distance between genes B and J is [BJ] cM (BJ)
The distance between genes F and J is [FJ] cM (FJ)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BF 36 BJ 12 FJ 25 geneorder bjf fjb FIB_PLUS

de06_57bb

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene F is connected with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene J is related to the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene W is affiliated with the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

105

2,016

1,452

3,676

TOTAL =

7,350

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes F and J is [FJ] cM (FJ)
The distance between genes F and W is [FW] cM (FW)
The distance between genes J and W is [JW] cM (JW)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

FJ 30 FW 14 JW 20 geneorder fwj jwf FIB_PLUS

0000_c6e9

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene P is analogous to the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.
Gene R is related to the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.
Gene T is analogous to the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

3,228

4,548

19,035

TOTAL =

27,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes P and R is [PR] cM (PR)
The distance between genes P and T is [PT] cM (PT)
The distance between genes R and T is [RT] cM (RT)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

PR 7 PT 10 RT 16 geneorder rpt tpr FIB_PLUS

4d76_1047

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is associated with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene F is correlated with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene X is correlated with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,806

181

2,784

105

4,050

TOTAL =

9,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and F is [BF] cM (BF)
The distance between genes B and X is [BX] cM (BX)
The distance between genes F and X is [FX] cM (FX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BF 34 BX 16 FX 25 geneorder bxf fxb FIB_PLUS

b856_a85e

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is related to the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene K is connected with the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene M is affiliated with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,937

1,266

2,166

134

TOTAL =

6,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and K is [EK] cM (EK)
The distance between genes E and M is [EM] cM (EM)
The distance between genes K and M is [KM] cM (KM)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EK 34 EM 14 KM 25 geneorder emk kme FIB_PLUS

5bb3_9662

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is associated with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene T is linked with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.
Gene W is associated with the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

11,971

1,992

8,586

203

TOTAL =

22,800

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and T is [AT] cM (AT)
The distance between genes A and W is [AW] cM (AW)
The distance between genes T and W is [TW] cM (TW)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AT 26 AW 5 TW 22 geneorder awt twa FIB_PLUS

507b_4780

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is correlated with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene K is correlated with the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene P is associated with the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

601

8,154

12,935

6,900

392

418

TOTAL =

29,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and K is [EK] cM (EK)
The distance between genes E and P is [EP] cM (EP)
The distance between genes K and P is [KP] cM (KP)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EK 20 EP 24 KP 36 geneorder kep pek FIB_PLUS

4b9b_9e7b

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is affiliated with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene J is correlated with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene W is associated with the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

618

1,374

5,168

TOTAL =

7,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and J is [AJ] cM (AJ)
The distance between genes A and W is [AW] cM (AW)
The distance between genes J and W is [JW] cM (JW)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AJ 5 AW 11 JW 15 geneorder jaw waj FIB_PLUS

70b8_2853

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is linked with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene H is analogous to the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.
Gene K is associated with the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,350

3,768

10,373

TOTAL =

15,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and H is [BH] cM (BH)
The distance between genes B and K is [BK] cM (BK)
The distance between genes H and K is [HK] cM (HK)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BH 5 BK 18 HK 14 geneorder bhk khb FIB_PLUS

5e2c_c499

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is analogous to the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene J is associated with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene K is associated with the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,974

1,680

6,424

TOTAL =

10,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and J is [AJ] cM (AJ)
The distance between genes A and K is [AK] cM (AK)
The distance between genes J and K is [JK] cM (JK)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AJ 21 AK 10 JK 12 geneorder akj jka FIB_PLUS

145b_a3f0

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is affiliated with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene C is affiliated with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene R is connected with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

130

1,992

126

185

2,334

3,633

TOTAL =

8,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and C is [AC] cM (AC)
The distance between genes A and R is [AR] cM (AR)
The distance between genes C and R is [CR] cM (CR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AC 21 AR 37 CR 25 geneorder acr rca FIB_PLUS

3439_5c88

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene F is affiliated with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene J is correlated with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene M is analogous to the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

342

9,861

5,400

6,342

354

501

TOTAL =

22,800

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes F and J is [FJ] cM (FJ)
The distance between genes F and M is [FM] cM (FM)
The distance between genes J and M is [JM] cM (JM)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

FJ 37 FM 21 JM 25 geneorder fmj jmf FIB_PLUS

dd29_0080

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene J is affiliated with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene X is related to the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.
Gene Y is analogous to the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

164

3,192

316

4,296

168

6,264

TOTAL =

14,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes J and X is [JX] cM (JX)
The distance between genes J and Y is [JY] cM (JY)
The distance between genes X and Y is [XY] cM (XY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

JX 36 JY 18 XY 25 geneorder jyx xyj FIB_PLUS

5814_c97b

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is related to the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene M is analogous to the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene X is related to the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

984

7,582

2,754

TOTAL =

11,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and M is [CM] cM (CM)
The distance between genes C and X is [CX] cM (CX)
The distance between genes M and X is [MX] cM (MX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CM 5 CX 18 MX 14 geneorder cmx xmc FIB_PLUS

a6d1_4ec8

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is associated with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene T is linked with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.
Gene X is correlated with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,170

1,638

666

TOTAL =

3,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and T is [CT] cM (CT)
The distance between genes C and X is [CX] cM (CX)
The distance between genes T and X is [TX] cM (TX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CT 14 CX 33 TX 25 geneorder ctx xtc FIB_PLUS

d880_5638

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is connected with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene D is related to the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.
Gene W is related to the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,616

8,822

1,086

TOTAL =

12,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and D is [BD] cM (BD)
The distance between genes B and W is [BW] cM (BW)
The distance between genes D and W is [DW] cM (DW)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BD 5 BW 12 DW 16 geneorder dbw wbd FIB_PLUS

3686_5ced

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene M is analogous to the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene X is affiliated with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.
Gene Y is connected with the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,412

13,041

11,802

287

TOTAL =

27,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes M and X is [MX] cM (MX)
The distance between genes M and Y is [MY] cM (MY)
The distance between genes X and Y is [XY] cM (XY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

MX 5 MY 29 XY 25 geneorder mxy yxm FIB_PLUS

e43d_2147

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene J is correlated with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene N is linked with the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.
Gene Y is related to the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

948

112

6,090

6,624

TOTAL =

13,800

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes J and N is [JN] cM (JN)
The distance between genes J and Y is [JY] cM (JY)
The distance between genes N and Y is [NY] cM (NY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

JN 4 JY 25 NY 28 geneorder njy yjn FIB_PLUS

bb55_97b0

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is associated with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene J is related to the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene M is correlated with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,092

126

3,852

4,488

TOTAL =

9,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and J is [CJ] cM (CJ)
The distance between genes C and M is [CM] cM (CM)
The distance between genes J and M is [JM] cM (JM)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CJ 30 CM 7 JM 25 geneorder cmj jmc FIB_PLUS

2534_7fb4

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene D is associated with the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.
Gene P is linked with the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.
Gene T is associated with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

11,909

3,906

7,950

376

TOTAL =

24,300

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes D and P is [DP] cM (DP)
The distance between genes D and T is [DT] cM (DT)
The distance between genes P and T is [PT] cM (PT)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

DP 30 DT 10 PT 22 geneorder dtp ptd FIB_PLUS

8d78_676d

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is associated with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene C is affiliated with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene W is affiliated with the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

636

1,966

1,482

TOTAL =

4,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and C is [AC] cM (AC)
The distance between genes A and W is [AW] cM (AW)
The distance between genes C and W is [CW] cM (CW)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AC 11 AW 25 CW 31 geneorder caw wac FIB_PLUS

db4c_4878

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene M is linked with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene N is affiliated with the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.
Gene X is connected with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

186

290

4,584

454

5,460

7,626

TOTAL =

18,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes M and N is [MN] cM (MN)
The distance between genes M and X is [MX] cM (MX)
The distance between genes N and X is [NX] cM (NX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

MN 20 MX 25 NX 39 geneorder nmx xmn FIB_PLUS

e877_c7ea

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene F is linked with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene R is analogous to the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.
Gene Y is affiliated with the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

101

4,068

227

5,772

14,391

TOTAL =

24,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes F and R is [FR] cM (FR)
The distance between genes F and Y is [FY] cM (FY)
The distance between genes R and Y is [RY] cM (RY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

FR 24 FY 10 RY 15 geneorder fyr ryf FIB_PLUS

6232_391f

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene T is analogous to the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.
Gene W is affiliated with the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.
Gene Y is connected with the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

6,316

1,698

5,544

203

TOTAL =

13,800

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes T and W is [TW] cM (TW)
The distance between genes T and Y is [TY] cM (TY)
The distance between genes W and Y is [WY] cM (WY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

TW 31 TY 7 WY 25 geneorder tyw wyt FIB_PLUS

60a7_f06a

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is affiliated with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene E is connected with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene M is correlated with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

196

13,453

4,698

10,440

514

TOTAL =

29,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and E is [CE] cM (CE)
The distance between genes C and M is [CM] cM (CM)
The distance between genes E and M is [EM] cM (EM)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CE 32 CM 11 EM 25 geneorder cme emc FIB_PLUS

cb0b_3ac9

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is correlated with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene E is linked with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene X is analogous to the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

487

6,486

7,776

4,266

153

TOTAL =

19,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and E is [AE] cM (AE)
The distance between genes A and X is [AX] cM (AX)
The distance between genes E and X is [EX] cM (EX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AE 14 AX 25 EX 38 geneorder eax xae FIB_PLUS

f2f1_de65

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is analogous to the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene J is analogous to the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene T is affiliated with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,134

1,548

774

TOTAL =

3,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and J is [BJ] cM (BJ)
The distance between genes B and T is [BT] cM (BT)
The distance between genes J and T is [JT] cM (JT)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BJ 16 BT 25 JT 36 geneorder jbt tbj FIB_PLUS

97af_a3d9

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is analogous to the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene K is connected with the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene R is correlated with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

10,922

1,344

3,240

TOTAL =

15,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and K is [CK] cM (CK)
The distance between genes C and R is [CR] cM (CR)
The distance between genes K and R is [KR] cM (KR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CK 16 CR 5 KR 12 geneorder crk krc FIB_PLUS

49c4_b99f

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is analogous to the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene E is associated with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene R is linked with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

670

8,670

11,070

6,180

135

275

TOTAL =

27,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and E is [AE] cM (AE)
The distance between genes A and R is [AR] cM (AR)
The distance between genes E and R is [ER] cM (ER)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AE 16 AR 25 ER 38 geneorder ear rae FIB_PLUS

5c62_8cce

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is associated with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene C is related to the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene X is associated with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,044

1,320

546

TOTAL =

3,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and C is [BC] cM (BC)
The distance between genes B and X is [BX] cM (BX)
The distance between genes C and X is [CX] cM (CX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BC 12 BX 25 CX 34 geneorder cbx xbc FIB_PLUS

9f2a_8f0f

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is correlated with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene E is associated with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene F is analogous to the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

110

2,742

5,420

3,984

281

TOTAL =

12,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and E is [BE] cM (BE)
The distance between genes B and F is [BF] cM (BF)
The distance between genes E and F is [EF] cM (EF)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BE 15 BF 24 EF 36 geneorder ebf fbe FIB_PLUS

932c_3670

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is linked with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene F is related to the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene K is correlated with the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

300

8,196

9,333

2,514

TOTAL =

20,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and F is [CF] cM (CF)
The distance between genes C and K is [CK] cM (CK)
The distance between genes F and K is [FK] cM (FK)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CF 7 CK 25 FK 31 geneorder fck kcf FIB_PLUS

4a3c_43b9

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is linked with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene H is analogous to the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.
Gene K is related to the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

122

3,168

130

216

4,164

7,800

TOTAL =

15,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and H is [CH] cM (CH)
The distance between genes C and K is [CK] cM (CK)
The distance between genes H and K is [HK] cM (HK)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CH 15 CK 30 HK 20 geneorder chk khc FIB_PLUS

da3e_ff89

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene M is correlated with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene N is analogous to the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.
Gene R is correlated with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,196

223

9,498

13,229

TOTAL =

25,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes M and N is [MN] cM (MN)
The distance between genes M and R is [MR] cM (MR)
The distance between genes N and R is [NR] cM (NR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

MN 5 MR 22 NR 26 geneorder nmr rmn FIB_PLUS

7927_1e25

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene J is affiliated with the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene N is linked with the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.
Gene T is analogous to the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

315

4,596

5,865

2,856

TOTAL =

13,800

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes J and N is [JN] cM (JN)
The distance between genes J and T is [JT] cM (JT)
The distance between genes N and T is [NT] cM (NT)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

JN 14 JT 25 NT 36 geneorder njt tjn FIB_PLUS

da6f_c251

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene H is correlated with the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.
Gene M is affiliated with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene Y is linked with the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,668

2,772

11,663

TOTAL =

16,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes H and M is [HM] cM (HM)
The distance between genes H and Y is [HY] cM (HY)
The distance between genes M and Y is [MY] cM (MY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

HM 6 HY 15 MY 10 geneorder hmy ymh FIB_PLUS

0918_c39c

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene D is correlated with the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.
Gene M is connected with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene Y is associated with the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

102

2,580

6,497

2,118

TOTAL =

11,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes D and M is [DM] cM (DM)
The distance between genes D and Y is [DY] cM (DY)
The distance between genes M and Y is [MY] cM (MY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

DM 12 DY 15 MY 25 geneorder mdy ydm FIB_PLUS

eb1c_7cb6

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is analogous to the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene K is connected with the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene Y is correlated with the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

370

5,988

10,489

5,502

152

299

TOTAL =

22,800

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and K is [EK] cM (EK)
The distance between genes E and Y is [EY] cM (EY)
The distance between genes K and Y is [KY] cM (KY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EK 18 EY 20 KY 34 geneorder key yek FIB_PLUS

7be7_d0cb

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is affiliated with the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene K is connected with the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene Y is affiliated with the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

176

4,290

378

5,850

9,007

TOTAL =

19,800

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and K is [AK] cM (AK)
The distance between genes A and Y is [AY] cM (AY)
The distance between genes K and Y is [KY] cM (KY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AK 34 AY 15 KY 22 geneorder ayk kya FIB_PLUS

6dd6_a1ff

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is analogous to the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene M is linked with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene N is related to the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,434

147

2,088

2,840

TOTAL =

6,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and M is [BM] cM (BM)
The distance between genes B and N is [BN] cM (BN)
The distance between genes M and N is [MN] cM (MN)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BM 15 BN 24 MN 36 geneorder mbn nbm FIB_PLUS

c8be_9b68

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is related to the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene J is related to the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.
Gene W is linked with the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,412

13,523

11,334

273

TOTAL =

27,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and J is [BJ] cM (BJ)
The distance between genes B and W is [BW] cM (BW)
The distance between genes J and W is [JW] cM (JW)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BJ 5 BW 24 JW 28 geneorder jbw wbj FIB_PLUS

e9c2_d81d

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is linked with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene C is linked with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene T is connected with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,176

8,206

1,950

TOTAL =

11,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and C is [BC] cM (BC)
The distance between genes B and T is [BT] cM (BT)
The distance between genes C and T is [CT] cM (CT)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BC 6 BT 15 CT 10 geneorder bct tcb FIB_PLUS

d3f6_45c0

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene D is analogous to the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.
Gene T is linked with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.
Gene X is affiliated with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

122

2,724

1,656

4,990

TOTAL =

9,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes D and T is [DT] cM (DT)
The distance between genes D and X is [DX] cM (DX)
The distance between genes T and X is [TX] cM (TX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

DT 28 DX 12 TX 20 geneorder dxt txd FIB_PLUS

4e8d_ece5

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is connected with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene M is affiliated with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.
Gene X is affiliated with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

216

3,948

6,691

2,706

138

101

TOTAL =

13,800

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and M is [BM] cM (BM)
The distance between genes B and X is [BX] cM (BX)
The distance between genes M and X is [MX] cM (MX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BM 15 BX 22 MX 31 geneorder mbx xbm FIB_PLUS

197e_8a91

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is related to the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene C is related to the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene D is analogous to the 'doubled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene D cells display double or multiple budding, with several buds emerging simultaneously.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,266

5,188

4,452

146

TOTAL =

11,100

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and C is [BC] cM (BC)
The distance between genes B and D is [BD] cM (BD)
The distance between genes C and D is [CD] cM (CD)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BC 7 BD 30 CD 25 geneorder bcd dcb FIB_PLUS

3bdd_4a12

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is correlated with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene F is associated with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene T is connected with the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

3,930

343

7,068

11,934

TOTAL =

23,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and F is [CF] cM (CF)
The distance between genes C and T is [CT] cM (CT)
The distance between genes F and T is [FT] cM (FT)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CF 10 CT 29 FT 20 geneorder cft tfc FIB_PLUS

b96f_1b49

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is affiliated with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene K is connected with the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene M is connected with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,044

4,024

1,440

TOTAL =

6,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and K is [CK] cM (CK)
The distance between genes C and M is [CM] cM (CM)
The distance between genes K and M is [KM] cM (KM)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CK 10 CM 14 KM 22 geneorder kcm mck FIB_PLUS

1669_7b98

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is linked with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene H is correlated with the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.
Gene P is associated with the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

229

6,270

1,920

7,137

TOTAL =

15,600

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and H is [EH] cM (EH)
The distance between genes E and P is [EP] cM (EP)
The distance between genes H and P is [HP] cM (HP)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EH 31 EP 7 HP 25 geneorder eph hpe FIB_PLUS

41dd_f7b3

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is connected with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene F is connected with the 'fuzzy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene F colonies are covered in soft, fine filaments, giving them a fuzzy, cotton-like texture.
Gene M is affiliated with the 'militant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene M colonies are small, dense, and secrete compounds that inhibit the growth of nearby colonies.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

180

8,160

2,292

15,710

TOTAL =

26,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and F is [BF] cM (BF)
The distance between genes B and M is [BM] cM (BM)
The distance between genes F and M is [FM] cM (FM)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BF 22 BM 5 FM 18 geneorder bmf fmb FIB_PLUS

7ede_36e7

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene P is linked with the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.
Gene W is correlated with the 'webbed' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene W colonies produce delicate, web-like strands that connect neighboring colonies in a cobweb pattern.
Gene X is affiliated with the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

4,236

486

8,604

10,500

TOTAL =

24,000

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes P and W is [PW] cM (PW)
The distance between genes P and X is [PX] cM (PX)
The distance between genes W and X is [WX] cM (WX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

PW 34 PX 11 WX 25 geneorder pxw wxp FIB_PLUS

a0d5_cd73

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is associated with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene H is connected with the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.
Gene J is analogous to the 'jeweled' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene J colonies appear dotted with tiny, iridescent spots that sparkle under light.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

888

4,674

5,701

TOTAL =

11,400

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and H is [BH] cM (BH)
The distance between genes B and J is [BJ] cM (BJ)
The distance between genes H and J is [HJ] cM (HJ)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BH 27 BJ 5 HJ 24 geneorder bjh hjb FIB_PLUS

b58f_797b

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is analogous to the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene E is related to the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene T is analogous to the 'toxic' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene T secretes a toxic compound that inhibits or kills other microbial colonies nearby.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

2,784

322

8,292

9,798

TOTAL =

21,300

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and E is [CE] cM (CE)
The distance between genes C and T is [CT] cM (CT)
The distance between genes E and T is [ET] cM (ET)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CE 31 CT 8 ET 25 geneorder cte etc FIB_PLUS

fc01_9908

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is associated with the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene K is related to the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene R is analogous to the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

525

7,806

205

5,244

10,954

166

TOTAL =

24,900

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and K is [CK] cM (CK)
The distance between genes C and R is [CR] cM (CR)
The distance between genes K and R is [KR] cM (KR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CK 35 CR 15 KR 24 geneorder crk krc FIB_PLUS

ae86_106e

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene C is analogous to the 'clumpy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene C grows in dense, irregular clusters, with cells clumping together rather than spreading smoothly.
Gene K is affiliated with the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene N is connected with the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

254

6,846

16,180

4,428

TOTAL =

27,900

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes C and K is [CK] cM (CK)
The distance between genes C and N is [CN] cM (CN)
The distance between genes K and N is [KN] cM (KN)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

CK 10 CN 24 KN 16 geneorder ckn nkc FIB_PLUS

ea8b_0fdb

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene A is analogous to the 'amber' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene A cells develop a rich yellow-orange pigmentation, giving the colony a warm, amber hue.
Gene H is connected with the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.
Gene X is related to the 'xenon' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene X cells emit a faint glow under UV light, as if they were fluorescent.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

6,486

3,072

3,828

132

236

TOTAL =

13,800

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes A and H is [AH] cM (AH)
The distance between genes A and X is [AX] cM (AX)
The distance between genes H and X is [HX] cM (HX)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

AH 33 AX 15 HX 20 geneorder axh hxa FIB_PLUS

491f_5b99

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene B is linked with the 'bubbly' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene B produces excessive gas bubbles during growth, causing foamy appearance of the media.
Gene H is analogous to the 'hairy' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene H cells develop long, thread-like filaments that extend outward, creating a hairy, shaggy texture on the colony.
Gene N is linked with the 'nude' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene N cells have an unusually smooth surface with no visible external features or textures.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

186

4,788

5,658

1,608

TOTAL =

12,300

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes B and H is [BH] cM (BH)
The distance between genes B and N is [BN] cM (BN)
The distance between genes H and N is [HN] cM (HN)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

BH 8 BN 25 HN 31 geneorder hbn nbh FIB_PLUS

f05f_89f5

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is correlated with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene K is affiliated with the 'knotted' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene K cells grow in twisted, coiled shapes, resulting in a knotted or gnarled appearance.
Gene R is connected with the 'rusty' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene R colonies develop a reddish-brown pigmentation, reminiscent of rusted metal.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

1,152

104

4,524

7,392

TOTAL =

13,200

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and K is [EK] cM (EK)
The distance between genes E and R is [ER] cM (ER)
The distance between genes K and R is [KR] cM (KR)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EK 24 ER 5 KR 20 geneorder erk kre FIB_PLUS

eb47_52a8

Unordered Tetrad Three Gene Mapping

Characteristics of Recessive Phenotypes

Gene E is connected with the 'elephant' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene E cells absorb excessive amounts of liquid, resulting in giant, swollen cells.
Gene P is associated with the 'pebble' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene P produces colonies with a rough, uneven surface that resembles a collection of tiny pebbles.
Gene Y is correlated with the 'yolk' phenotype. A budding yeast that is homozygous recessive for Gene Y cells develop a dense, yellowish core that resembles an egg yolk when viewed under a microscope.

Set #

Tetrad Genotypes

Progeny
Count

432

8,496

3,744

10,282

TOTAL =

23,100

The resulting phenotypes are summarized in the table above.

Question

Using the table above, determine the order of the genes and the distances between them. Once calculated, fill in the following four blanks:

The distance between genes E and P is [EP] cM (EP)
The distance between genes E and Y is [EY] cM (EY)
The distance between genes P and Y is [PY] cM (PY)
From this, the correct order of the genes is [geneorder] (gene order).

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: Find the row for the Parental Type for all three genes.
Step 2: Pick any two genes and assign PD, NPD, TT.
Step 3: Determine if the two genes are linked.

PD >> NPD → linked; PD ≈ NPD → unlinked

Step 4: Determine the map distance between the two genes.

D = ½ (TT + 6 NPD) / total = (3 NPD + ½ TT) / total

Step 5: Go back to Step 2 and pick a new pair of genes until all pairs are complete.

Important Answer Guidelines

Important Tip 1: Your calculated distances between each pair of genes should be a whole number. Finding a decimal in your answer, such as 5.5, indicates a mistake was made. Please provide your answer as a complete number without fractions or decimals.
Important Tip 2: Your answer should be written as a numerical value only, with no spaces, commas, or units such as "cM" or "map units". For example, if the distance is fifty one centimorgans, simply write "51".
Important Tip 3: Your gene order answer should be written as three letters only, with no spaces, commas, hyphens, or other characters allowed. For example, if the gene order is B - A - C, simply write "bac" or "cab".

EP 33 EY 10 PY 25 geneorder eyp pye