## DESCRIPTION
## Select the alteration of chromosome structure that corresponds to the given description.
## ENDDESCRIPTION
## KEYWORDS('alterations to chromosome structure','descriptions','which one','multiple choice')
## DBsubject('Genetics')
## DBchapter('')
## DBsection('')
## Date('2026-07-12')
## Author('Neil R. Voss')
## Institution('Roosevelt University')
DOCUMENT();
loadMacros(
'PGstandard.pl',
'PGML.pl',
'PGchoicemacros.pl',
'parserRadioButtons.pl',
'PGcourse.pl',
);
TEXT(beginproblem());
$showPartialCorrectAnswers = 0;
#==========================================================
# QUESTION DATA
#==========================================================
# All questions data
@questions_data = (
{
'item_name' => 'the failure of sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'non-disjunction',
'deletion',
'reciprocal translocation',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'non-disjunction',
},
{
'item_name' => 'the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during cell division',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'non-disjunction',
'deletion',
'reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'non-disjunction',
},
{
'item_name' => 'portion of the chromosome is missing',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'non-disjunction',
'deletion',
'reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'deletion',
},
{
'item_name' => 'a sequence of DNA is left out during DNA replication',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'non-disjunction',
'deletion',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'deletion',
},
{
'item_name' => 'a part of a chromosome is left out during DNA replication',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'non-disjunction',
'deletion',
'duplications',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'deletion',
},
{
'item_name' => 'when a chromosome breaks a part of it is lost',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'non-disjunction',
'deletion',
'reciprocal translocation',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
],
'correct' => 'deletion',
},
{
'item_name' => 'can result from genes recombination where a part of a chromosome is lost',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'non-disjunction',
'deletion',
'reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'deletion',
},
{
'item_name' => 'chromosome in which is missing a group of genes',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'deletion',
'duplications',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'pericentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'deletion',
},
{
'item_name' => 'portion of the chromosome has been copied, resulting in extra genetic material',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'duplications',
'reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
'pericentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'duplications',
},
{
'item_name' => 'portion of the chromosome has been copied, resulting extra copies of a gene',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'non-disjunction',
'deletion',
'duplications',
'reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
],
'correct' => 'duplications',
},
{
'item_name' => 'can result from genes recombination where a part of a chromosome is replicated',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'deletion',
'duplications',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'duplications',
},
{
'item_name' => 'chromosome that has an extra copy of a group of genes',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'non-disjunction',
'duplications',
'reciprocal translocation',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'pericentric inversion',
],
'correct' => 'duplications',
},
{
'item_name' => 'can change a metacentric chromosome into a submetacentric chromosome',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'deletion',
'reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
'pericentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'reciprocal translocation',
},
{
'item_name' => 'a pair of non-homologous chromosomes swapping genes with each other',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'non-disjunction',
'duplications',
'reciprocal translocation',
'pericentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'reciprocal translocation',
},
{
'item_name' => 'the exchange of broken chromosome segments between two nonhomologous chromosomes',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'reciprocal translocation',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
'pericentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'reciprocal translocation',
},
{
'item_name' => 'two detached fragments of two different chromosomes are switched',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'deletion',
'duplications',
'reciprocal translocation',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'reciprocal translocation',
},
{
'item_name' => 'the Philadelphia chromosome is formed from this alteration of chromosomes 9 and 22',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'non-disjunction',
'deletion',
'reciprocal translocation',
'pericentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'reciprocal translocation',
},
{
'item_name' => 'segments from two different chromosomes have been exchanged',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'deletion',
'duplications',
'reciprocal translocation',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'reciprocal translocation',
},
{
'item_name' => 'the transferring of a chromosome segment from one chromosome to another non-homologous chromosome',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'non-disjunction',
'duplications',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'pericentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'non-reciprocal translocation',
},
{
'item_name' => 'the one-way transfer of a chromosomal segment from one non-homologous chromosome to another',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'deletion',
'duplications',
'reciprocal translocation',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'pericentric inversion',
],
'correct' => 'non-reciprocal translocation',
},
{
'item_name' => 'a complete chromosome that also has a group of genes from another chromosome',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'non-disjunction',
'deletion',
'reciprocal translocation',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'pericentric inversion',
],
'correct' => 'non-reciprocal translocation',
},
{
'item_name' => 'can change two monocentric chromosomes into an acentric chromosome',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'deletion',
'reciprocal translocation',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
'pericentric inversion',
],
'correct' => 'paracentric inversion',
},
{
'item_name' => 'can change two monocentric chromosomes into a dicentric chromosome',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'non-disjunction',
'deletion',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'paracentric inversion',
},
{
'item_name' => 'the reversal of the gene order within a chromosome that does NOT include the centromere',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'non-disjunction',
'duplications',
'reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
'pericentric inversion',
],
'correct' => 'paracentric inversion',
},
{
'item_name' => 'two breaks and reversal of the genes occur on one arm of the chromosome',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'deletion',
'duplications',
'reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
'pericentric inversion',
],
'correct' => 'paracentric inversion',
},
{
'item_name' => 'does NOT include the centromere and both breaks occur in one arm of the chromosome',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'non-disjunction',
'deletion',
'reciprocal translocation',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
],
'correct' => 'paracentric inversion',
},
{
'item_name' => 'a portion of a single chromosome arm has broken off, turned upside down, and reattached',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'non-disjunction',
'duplications',
'reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
'pericentric inversion',
],
'correct' => 'paracentric inversion',
},
{
'item_name' => 'a portion of a single chromosome arm has broken off, reversed, and reattached in its original place',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'non-disjunction',
'deletion',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
'pericentric inversion',
],
'correct' => 'paracentric inversion',
},
{
'item_name' => 'can result from genes recombination where a part of a single chromosome arm is reversed',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'non-disjunction',
'reciprocal translocation',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
'pericentric inversion',
],
'correct' => 'paracentric inversion',
},
{
'item_name' => 'a group of genes on one arm of the chromosome is the reverse of the normal order',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'non-disjunction',
'reciprocal translocation',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
'pericentric inversion',
],
'correct' => 'paracentric inversion',
},
{
'item_name' => 'a pair of homologous chromosomes that both have duplicated genes and missing genes',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'deletion',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
'pericentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'pericentric inversion',
},
{
'item_name' => 'the reversal of the gene order in a chromosome that includes the centromere',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'non-disjunction',
'duplications',
'reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
'pericentric inversion',
],
'correct' => 'pericentric inversion',
},
{
'item_name' => 'two breaks and reversal of the genes occurs on both arms or sides of the centromere',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'non-disjunction',
'duplications',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'pericentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'pericentric inversion',
},
{
'item_name' => 'centromere is included in the reversed loop that is formed during synapsis',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'non-disjunction',
'deletion',
'reciprocal translocation',
'pericentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'pericentric inversion',
},
{
'item_name' => 'reversal of the genes that includes both arms of the chromosome',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'deletion',
'reciprocal translocation',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'pericentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'pericentric inversion',
},
{
'item_name' => 'includes the centromere and there is a break point in each arm',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'non-disjunction',
'reciprocal translocation',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'pericentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'pericentric inversion',
},
{
'item_name' => 'a portion of a chromosome that includes both arms has broken off, turned upside down, and reattached',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'deletion',
'duplications',
'reciprocal translocation',
'pericentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'pericentric inversion',
},
{
'item_name' => 'a portion of a chromosome that includes both arms has broken off, reversed, and reattached',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'duplications',
'reciprocal translocation',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'pericentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'pericentric inversion',
},
{
'item_name' => 'a group of genes including the centromere is the reverse of the normal order',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'deletion',
'reciprocal translocation',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'pericentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'pericentric inversion',
},
{
'item_name' => 'can change two acrocentric chromosomes into a metacentric chromosome',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'deletion',
'reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
'pericentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'Robertsonian translocation',
},
{
'item_name' => 'fusion of two chromosomes that have short p arms',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'deletion',
'duplications',
'reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'Robertsonian translocation',
},
{
'item_name' => 'caused by breaks at or near the centromeres of two acrocentric chromosomes',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'duplications',
'reciprocal translocation',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'pericentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'Robertsonian translocation',
},
{
'item_name' => 'in humans, these alterations only occur with chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'reciprocal translocation',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
'pericentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'Robertsonian translocation',
},
{
'item_name' => 'entire chromosome has attached to another at the centromere',
'plural_choice' => 'alterations to chromosome structure',
'singular_item' => 'description',
'choices' => [
'deletion',
'duplications',
'non-reciprocal translocation',
'paracentric inversion',
'Robertsonian translocation',
],
'correct' => 'Robertsonian translocation',
},
);
#==========================================================
# SELECT RANDOM QUESTION
#==========================================================
my $local_random = PGrandom->new();
$local_random->srand($problemSeed);
$question_idx = $local_random->random(0, scalar(@questions_data) - 1, 1);
$q = $questions_data[$question_idx];
$item_name = $q->{'item_name'};
$plural_choice = $q->{'plural_choice'};
$singular_item = $q->{'singular_item'};
@choices = @{ $q->{'choices'} };
$correct = $q->{'correct'};
#==========================================================
# SHUFFLE CHOICES (SEED-STABLE)
#==========================================================
my @choice_indices = (0 .. $#choices);
my @choice_shuffled = ();
while (@choice_indices) {
my $pick = $local_random->random(0, $#choice_indices, 1);
push @choice_shuffled, splice(@choice_indices, $pick, 1);
}
@choices = @choices[@choice_shuffled];
#==========================================================
# BUILD RADIO BUTTONS
#==========================================================
$rb = RadioButtons(
[@choices],
$correct,
labels => 'ABC',
displayLabels => 1,
randomize => 0,
separator => '',
);
#==========================================================
# PGML
#==========================================================
BEGIN_PGML
Which one of the following [$plural_choice]* corresponds to the [$singular_item]* [$item_name]*?
[_]{$rb}
END_PGML
BEGIN_PGML_SOLUTION
The correct answer is: [$correct]*
END_PGML_SOLUTION
ENDDOCUMENT();