## TITLE('DNA Replication in Bacteria')
## DESCRIPTION
## Select the statement that is TRUE or FALSE about DNA replication in bacteria.
## ENDDESCRIPTION
## KEYWORDS('DNA replication in bacteria','true/false','multiple choice')
## DBsubject('Molecular Biology')
## DBchapter('')
## DBsection('')
## Date('2026-07-12')
## Author('Neil R. Voss')
## Institution('Roosevelt University')
DOCUMENT();
loadMacros(
"PGstandard.pl",
"PGML.pl",
"PGchoicemacros.pl",
"parserRadioButtons.pl",
"PGcourse.pl",
);
TEXT(beginproblem());
$showPartialCorrectAnswers = 1;
#==========================================================
# AUTO-GENERATED GROUPS FROM YAML
#==========================================================
@true_groups = (
[
'the leading strand is replicated continuously, while the lagging strand is replicated piecewise',
],
[
'single-strand binding proteins stabilize the open conformation of the unwound DNA',
],
[
'DNA helicase unwinds the DNA double helix',
'DNA gyrase releases the supercoiling tension in the DNA double helix',
'DNA helicase separates the two strands of the DNA double helix',
],
[
'Okazaki fragments are DNA fragments synthesized on the lagging strand',
],
[
'all DNA polymerases add dNTP monomers in the 5′ to 3′ direction of the template strand',
'all DNA polymerases add dNTP monomers to the terminal 3′-OH of the newly synthesized strand',
],
[
'primase creates the RNA primers that serve as a starting point for DNA synthesis',
'primase is a type of RNA polymerase that creates an RNA primer',
],
[
'in the final step, DNA ligase seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments to create one continuous DNA strand',
],
[
'DNA polymerase Ⅰ removes RNA primers and fills the gaps with DNA between Okazaki fragments',
'DNA polymerase Ⅰ removes the RNA primers at the beginning of each Okazaki fragment and replaces them with DNA',
'DNA polymerase Ⅰ replaces the RNA primers with DNA in the Okazaki fragments',
],
[
'the DNA polymerase Ⅲ holoenzyme is responsible for the synthesis of most of the bacterial chromosome',
'DNA polymerase Ⅲ is the major replicative polymerase that functions in the synthesis both the leading strand and lagging strand',
'one complex of DNA polymerase Ⅲ is responsible for synthesizing the entire leading strand',
],
);
@false_groups = (
[
'the leading strand is replicated piecewise, while the lagging strand is replicated continuously',
'both the leading strand and lagging strand are replicated continuously',
'both the leading strand and lagging strand are replicated discontinuously',
],
[
'single-strand binding proteins stabilize the DNA double helix conformation of the newly synthesized DNA',
],
[
'DNA gyrase unwinds the DNA double helix',
'DNA helicase releases the supercoiling tension in the DNA double helix',
'DNA gyrase separates the two strands of the DNA double helix',
],
[
'Okazaki fragments are DNA fragments synthesized on the leading strand',
],
[
'all DNA polymerases add dNTP monomers in the 3′ to 5′ direction of the template strand',
'all DNA polymerases add dNTP monomers to the terminal 5′-OH of the newly synthesized strand',
],
[
'primase creates the DNA primers that serve as a starting point for DNA synthesis',
'primase is a type of DNA polymerase that creates a DNA primer',
],
[
'in the final step, DNA polymerase Ⅰ seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments to create one continuous DNA strand',
'in the final step, DNA polymerase Ⅱ seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments to create one continuous DNA strand',
'in the final step, DNA polymerase Ⅲ seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments to create one continuous DNA strand',
'in the final step, DNA polymerase Ⅳ seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments to create one continuous DNA strand',
'in the final step, DNA helicase seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments to create one continuous DNA strand',
'in the final step, DNA gyrase seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments to create one continuous DNA strand',
],
[
'DNA polymerase Ⅱ removes RNA primers and fills the gaps with DNA between Okazaki fragments',
'DNA polymerase Ⅱ removes the RNA primers at the beginning of each Okazaki fragment and replaces them with DNA',
'DNA polymerase Ⅲ removes RNA primers and fills the gaps with DNA between Okazaki fragments',
'DNA polymerase Ⅲ removes the RNA primers at the beginning of each Okazaki fragment and replaces them with DNA',
'DNA polymerase Ⅳ removes RNA primers and fills the gaps with DNA between Okazaki fragments',
'DNA polymerase Ⅳ removes the RNA primers at the beginning of each Okazaki fragment and replaces them with DNA',
'DNA ligase removes RNA primers and fills the gaps with DNA between Okazaki fragments',
'DNA ligase removes the RNA primers at the beginning of each Okazaki fragment and replaces them with DNA',
'DNA helicase removes RNA primers and fills the gaps with DNA between Okazaki fragments',
'DNA helicase removes the RNA primers at the beginning of each Okazaki fragment and replaces them with DNA',
'DNA gyrase removes RNA primers and fills the gaps with DNA between Okazaki fragments',
'DNA gyrase removes the RNA primers at the beginning of each Okazaki fragment and replaces them with DNA',
],
[
'the DNA polymerase Ⅰ holoenzyme is responsible for the synthesis of most of the bacterial chromosome',
'the DNA polymerase Ⅱ holoenzyme is responsible for the synthesis of most of the bacterial chromosome',
'the DNA polymerase Ⅳ holoenzyme is responsible for the synthesis of most of the bacterial chromosome',
'DNA polymerase Ⅰ is the major replicative polymerase that functions in the synthesis both the leading strand and lagging strand',
'DNA polymerase Ⅱ is the major replicative polymerase that functions in the synthesis both the leading strand and lagging strand',
'DNA polymerase Ⅳ is the major replicative polymerase that functions in the synthesis both the leading strand and lagging strand',
'one complex of DNA polymerase Ⅰ is responsible for synthesizing the entire leading strand',
'one complex of DNA polymerase Ⅱ is responsible for synthesizing the entire leading strand',
'one complex of DNA polymerase Ⅳ is responsible for synthesizing the entire leading strand',
],
);
#==========================================================
# GLOBAL SETTINGS
#==========================================================
$topic = 'DNA replication in bacteria';
my $local_random = PGrandom->new();
$local_random->srand($problemSeed);
my @mode_choices = ("TRUE", "FALSE");
$mode = $mode_choices[$local_random->random(0, $#mode_choices, 1)];
$num_distractors = 4;
#==========================================================
# SELECT GROUP
#==========================================================
my (@selected_group, @opposite_groups);
if ($mode eq "TRUE") {
$group_index = $local_random->random(0, scalar(@true_groups)-1, 1);
@selected_group = @{ $true_groups[$group_index] };
@opposite_groups = @false_groups;
} else {
$group_index = $local_random->random(0, scalar(@false_groups)-1, 1);
@selected_group = @{ $false_groups[$group_index] };
@opposite_groups = @true_groups;
}
#==========================================================
# PICK CORRECT + DISTRACTORS
#==========================================================
my $correct_index = $local_random->random(0, $#selected_group, 1);
$correct = $selected_group[$correct_index];
my @available_group_indices = (0 .. $#opposite_groups);
my @selected_distractor_indices = ();
while (@selected_distractor_indices < $num_distractors && @available_group_indices > 0) {
my $random_index = $local_random->random(0, scalar(@available_group_indices)-1, 1);
push @selected_distractor_indices, splice(@available_group_indices, $random_index, 1);
}
@distractors = ();
foreach my $group_idx (@selected_distractor_indices) {
my @group = @{ $opposite_groups[$group_idx] };
my $distractor_index = $local_random->random(0, $#group, 1);
my $distractor = $group[$distractor_index];
push @distractors, $distractor;
}
@choices = ($correct, @distractors);
#==========================================================
# SHUFFLE CHOICES (SEED-STABLE)
#==========================================================
my @choice_indices = (0 .. $#choices);
my @choice_shuffled = ();
while (@choice_indices) {
my $pick = $local_random->random(0, $#choice_indices, 1);
push @choice_shuffled, splice(@choice_indices, $pick, 1);
}
@choices = @choices[@choice_shuffled];
#==========================================================
# RADIO BUTTONS WITH A/B/C/D/E LABELS
#==========================================================
$rb = RadioButtons(
[@choices],
$correct,
labels => ['A','B','C','D','E'],
displayLabels => 1,
randomize => 0,
separator => '',
);
#==========================================================
# PGML
#==========================================================
BEGIN_PGML
[@ $mode eq "TRUE" ? "Which one of the following statements is TRUE about $topic?" : "Which one of the following statements is FALSE about $topic?" @]*
[_]{$rb}
END_PGML
ENDDOCUMENT();