6: Chromosomal Inheritance

Chromosome behavior in meiosis, sex-linkage, and the chromosomal basis of inheritance.

Stages and Descriptions of Meiosis Prophase I

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Match each of the following stages of meiosis prophase I with their corresponding partial descriptions.
Note: Each choice will be used exactly once.

	Your Choice	Prompt
	Drop Your Choice Here	1. Diplotene and/or Diakinesis
	Drop Your Choice Here	2. Early/Late Pachytene
	Drop Your Choice Here	3. Leptotene
	Drop Your Choice Here	4. Zygotene

Drag one of the choices below:

• A. the pairing of homologous chromosomes begins
• B. thread-like chromomeres first become visible
• C. exchange of segments between chromatids may occur
• D. the paired chromosomes being to separate

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Matching Meiosis Terms with Definitions

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Match each of the following Meiosis terms with their corresponding definitions.
Note: Each choice will be used exactly once.

	Your Choice	Prompt
	Drop Your Choice Here	1. chiasmata
	Drop Your Choice Here	2. synapsis
	Drop Your Choice Here	3. crossing over
	Drop Your Choice Here	4. homologous

Drag one of the choices below:

• A. the point of contact, the physical link, between two (non-sister) chromatids belonging to homologous chromosomes
• B. two homologous chromosomes line up and parts of the chromosomes can be exchanged
• C. having a similar position, structure, value, or purpose
• D. process of pairing of homologous (maternal and paternal) chromosomes

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Sex Determination Systems and Their Descriptions

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Match each of the following sex determination systems with their corresponding descriptions.
Note: Each choice will be used exactly once.

	Your Choice	Prompt
	Drop Your Choice Here	1. Z-W system
	Drop Your Choice Here	2. Haplo-Diploid system
	Drop Your Choice Here	3. X-O system
	Drop Your Choice Here	4. X-Y system

Drag one of the choices below:

• A. males ♂ develop from unfertilized eggs and thus have no fathers
• B. males ♂ are heterogametic and females ♀ are homogametic
• C. sex of the offspring depends on whether or NOT a sex chromosome is present in the male ♂ sperm
• D. sex of an offspring depends on which sex chromosome is contained with the female ♀ egg (ovum)

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Stages of Meiosis Prophase I

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Which one of the following stages of meiosis prophase I correspond to the partial description 'the paired homologous chromosomes begin to separate'.

• Diplotene and/or Diakinesis
• Early/Late Pachytene
• Leptotene
• Zygotene

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Identification of Meiosis Terms Based on Definitions

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Which one of the following Meiosis terms correspond to the definition 'the actual exchange of segments between homologous chromosomes'.

• chiasmata
• crossing over
• sister chromatids
• synapsis

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Sex Determination Systems Identification

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Which one of the following sex determination systems correspond to the description 'found in insects, such as ants and bees'.

• Haplo-Diploid system
• X-O system
• X-Y system
• Z-W system

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True/False Statements on Mitosis and Meiosis

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Which one of the following statements is FALSE regarding mitosis and meiosis cell division?

• Meiosis produces new gamete cells, such as sperm and egg
• Meiosis I is the only stage where homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material
• Both sexual and asexual organisms go through the process of mitosis
• In meiosis, the parent cell and the daughter cells are genetically identical
• The cells resulting from mitosis cell division are diploid

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Genetic Inheritance Patterns in X-Linked Recessive and Autosomal Dominant Disorders

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Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive genetic disorder that is caused by mutations in the DMD gene. This results in dystrophin is responsible for connecting the actin cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix (ECM) in muscle cells. The disorder affects 1 in 20,000 males. Individuals affected with DMD have muscle weakness, trouble standing up, which eventually leads to loss of skeletal muscle control, respiratory failure, and death. The defective gene for DMD is located on the short arm of chromosome X at position 21.2.
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that is caused by a mutation in FBN1 gene that makes fibrillin protein. This results in weaked connective tissue throughout the body. The disorder affects 1 in 10,000 people. Individuals affected with MFS have tall and thin features with serious complications involving the heart and aorta. The defective gene for MFS is located on the long arm of chromosome 15 at position 21.1.
A man (♂) with both DMD and MFS genetic disorders marries a wild-type phenotype woman (♀) with neither disorder. The father (♂) of the woman has the DMD genetic disorder,but mother (♀) of the woman does not. The mother (♀) of the man is wild-type phenotype and does not have the MFS genetic disorder.
Reminder: DMD is X-linked recessive and MFS is autosomal dominant.
What fraction of their daughters (♀) will have both DMD and MFS genetic disorders?

• None, 0%
• 1/4, 25%
• 1/2, 50%
• 3/4, 75%
• All, 100%

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Patterns of Inheritance Analysis from Pedigree Charts

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◼		◯		◻		◯		◻		⬤
◯	◻	◼		◯		◯		◼	⬤	◻
⬤		◼		◻		◯		⬤		◻
◻	⬤	◼	⬤	◻	◯	◻	◻	◯	◼	◻

 
Examine the pedigree above. Which one of the following patterns of inheritance is most likely demonstrated in the above pedigree inheritance?

• autosomal dominant
• autosomal recessive
• x-linked dominant
• x-linked recessive
• y-linked

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Pedigree Analysis for Inheritance Types

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Match the following pedigrees to their most likely inheritance type.
Note: each inheritance type will only be used ONCE.

	Your Choice	Prompt
	Drop Your Choice Here	1. ◻ ⬤   ◯ ◻   ◼ ◯     ◼ ◻ ⬤ ◻   ◯ ◼ ◯ ◻           ◯ ◻   ◼ ⬤   ◯ ◻ ◻ ◯ ◻ ◼ ⬤ ◻ ◯ ⬤ ◯ ◯ ◻
	Drop Your Choice Here	2. ◻ ◯   ◯ ◻   ◻ ◯     ◯ ◯ ◯ ◼   ◯ ◻ ◻ ◻           ◯ ⬤   ◻ ◯   ◯ ◻ ◯ ◻ ◯ ◻ ◯ ⬤ ◯ ◼ ◯ ◯ ◻
	Drop Your Choice Here	3. ◻ ◯   ◻ ⬤   ◻ ◯     ◯ ◻ ◯ ◼   ⬤ ◻ ◻ ◯           ◼ ⬤   ◻ ⬤   ◯ ◻ ◻ ⬤ ⬤ ⬤ ◼ ◯ ⬤ ◻ ◯ ◻ ◻
	Drop Your Choice Here	4. ⬤ ◻   ◯ ◻   ◯ ◼     ◯ ◼ ◼ ◯   ◻ ◯ ◻ ◯           ◻ ◯   ◯ ◼   ◯ ◻ ◻ ◼ ◯ ◻ ◼ ⬤ ◼ ◯ ◯ ◻ ◻
	Drop Your Choice Here	5. ◯ ◻   ◼ ◯   ◯ ◻     ◯ ◯ ◻ ◯   ◼ ◯ ◻ ◯           ◯ ◻   ◯ ◼   ◼ ◯ ◻ ◯ ◻ ◯ ◼ ◯ ◼ ◼ ◯ ◼ ◯

Drag one of the choices below:

• A. autosomal dominant
• B. x-linked dominant
• C. y-linked
• D. x-linked recessive
• E. autosomal recessive

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X-Linked Inheritance Patterns in Fruit Flies

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The white-eyed phenotype is an X-linked recessive disorder in fruit flies. The red allele, +, is dominant to the white allele, w. The offspring of size 600 from the mating of a single female and a single male are shown in the table below:

phenotype	female ♀	male ♂
red-eyed (wildtype)	290	141
white-eyed (mutant)	0	169

What are the genotypes of the parents in this cross?

• heterozygous female (+w) and mutant male (w–)
• homozygous wildtype female (++) and male of unknown genotype
• homozygous mutant female (ww) and mutant male (w–)
• homozygous mutant female (ww) and wildtype male (+–)
• heterozygous female (+w) and wildtype male (+–)

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Probability of Specific Gender Distribution in Offspring

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A woman has eight (8) children, what is the probability that she has exactly six (6) boys and two (2) girls?

• ( 8 ) 6

  (½)6⋅(½)2

  =

  8!   (8–6)! ⋅ 6!

  (½)8

  =

  8⋅7   6⋅5⋅4⋅3⋅2

  ×

  1   28

  =

  28   256

  =

  0.1094

  =

  10.9%

• ( 6 ) 6

  (½)6⋅(½)2

  =

  6!   (6–6)! ⋅ 6!

  (½)6

  =

  1   1

  ×

  1   26

  =

  1   256

  =

  0.0039

  =

  0.4%

• ( 8 ) 6

  (¼)6⋅(¾)2

  =

  8!   (8–6)! ⋅ 6!

  (¼)6⋅(¾)2

  =

  8⋅7   6⋅5⋅4⋅3⋅2

  ×

  32   4642

  =

  28×9   65536

  =

  0.0038

  =

  0.4%

• ( 6 ) 2

  (½)2⋅(½)6

  =

  6!   (6–2)! ⋅ 2!

  (½)6

  =

  6⋅5⋅4⋅3   2

  ×

  1   26

  =

  15   256

  =

  0.0586

  =

  5.9%

• ( 8 ) 6

  (¾)6⋅(¼)2

  =

  8!   (8–6)! ⋅ 6!

  (¾)6⋅(¼)2

  =

  8⋅7   6⋅5⋅4⋅3⋅2

  ×

  36   4642

  =

  28×729   65536

  =

  0.3115

  =

  31.1%

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