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11: Gene Trees

Phylogenetics, tree comparisons, evolutionary distances, and patterns of inheritance.

LibreTexts reference: Gene Trees and Relationships

Construct Gene Tree from Matrix (Level 1)

Click to show Construct Gene Tree from Matrix (Level 1) example problem
3 taxa × 3 taxa distance matrix
taxa Elwet Jackalope Wyvern
Elwet × 6 18
Jackalope 6 × 14
Wyvern 18 14 ×

The table above represents a distance matrix for the following taxa: Elwet, Jackalope, Wyvern. The values in the matrix correspond to the genetic distances between pairs of taxa.
For example, the distance between taxon Elwet and taxon Jackalope is 6. Distances are symmetric, meaning that both the distance between taxon Jackalope and taxon Wyvern is 14 and the distance between taxon Wyvern and taxon Jackalope is 14.
Using this distance matrix, determine the most appropriate gene tree that accurately reflects the relationships and distances between these taxa.

 

Construct Gene Tree from Matrix (Level 2)

Click to show Construct Gene Tree from Matrix (Level 2) example problem
4 taxa × 4 taxa distance matrix
taxa Hydra Manticore Narloc Rynoth
Hydra × 40 12 34
Manticore 40 × 36 20
Narloc 12 36 × 34
Rynoth 34 20 34 ×

The table above represents a distance matrix for the following taxa: Hydra, Manticore, Narloc, Rynoth. The values in the matrix correspond to the genetic distances between pairs of taxa.
For example, the distance between taxon Hydra and taxon Manticore is 40. Distances are symmetric, meaning that both the distance between taxon Manticore and taxon Narloc is 36 and the distance between taxon Narloc and taxon Manticore is 36.
Using this distance matrix, determine the most appropriate gene tree that accurately reflects the relationships and distances between these taxa.

 

Construct Gene Tree from Matrix (Level 3)

Click to show Construct Gene Tree from Matrix (Level 3) example problem
5 taxa × 5 taxa distance matrix
taxa Chimera Hydra Kraken Manticore Phoenix
Chimera × 2 28 30 44
Hydra 2 × 28 26 46
Kraken 28 28 × 12 42
Manticore 30 26 12 × 44
Phoenix 44 46 42 44 ×

The table above represents a distance matrix for the following taxa: Chimera, Hydra, Kraken, Manticore, Phoenix. The values in the matrix correspond to the genetic distances between pairs of taxa.
For example, the distance between taxon Chimera and taxon Hydra is 2. Distances are symmetric, meaning that both the distance between taxon Hydra and taxon Kraken is 28 and the distance between taxon Kraken and taxon Hydra is 28.
Using this distance matrix, determine the most appropriate gene tree that accurately reflects the relationships and distances between these taxa.

 

Construct Gene Tree from Matrix (Level 4)

Click to show Construct Gene Tree from Matrix (Level 4) example problem
6 taxa × 6 taxa distance matrix
taxa Hydra Jackalope Narloc Phoenix Rynoth Thorret
Hydra × 58 44 68 58 10
Jackalope 58 × 60 64 26 58
Narloc 44 60 × 70 56 40
Phoenix 68 64 70 × 62 66
Rynoth 58 26 56 62 × 58
Thorret 10 58 40 66 58 ×

The table above represents a distance matrix for the following taxa: Hydra, Jackalope, Narloc, Phoenix, Rynoth, Thorret. The values in the matrix correspond to the genetic distances between pairs of taxa.
For example, the distance between taxon Hydra and taxon Jackalope is 58. Distances are symmetric, meaning that both the distance between taxon Jackalope and taxon Narloc is 60 and the distance between taxon Narloc and taxon Jackalope is 60.
Using this distance matrix, determine the most appropriate gene tree that accurately reflects the relationships and distances between these taxa.

 

Construct Gene Tree from Matrix (Level 5)

Click to show Construct Gene Tree from Matrix (Level 5) example problem
7 taxa × 7 taxa distance matrix
taxa Elwet Hydra Jackalope Manticore Phoenix Wyvern Xeraph
Elwet × 38 72 42 44 36 74
Hydra 38 × 78 28 22 30 80
Jackalope 72 78 × 70 76 74 58
Manticore 42 28 70 × 28 4 72
Phoenix 44 22 76 28 × 34 72
Wyvern 36 30 74 4 34 × 72
Xeraph 74 80 58 72 72 72 ×

The table above represents a distance matrix for the following taxa: Elwet, Hydra, Jackalope, Manticore, Phoenix, Wyvern, Xeraph. The values in the matrix correspond to the genetic distances between pairs of taxa.
For example, the distance between taxon Elwet and taxon Hydra is 38. Distances are symmetric, meaning that both the distance between taxon Hydra and taxon Jackalope is 78 and the distance between taxon Jackalope and taxon Hydra is 78.
Using this distance matrix, determine the most appropriate gene tree that accurately reflects the relationships and distances between these taxa.

 

Identify Different Phylogenetic Tree (Easy)

Click to show Identify Different Phylogenetic Tree (Easy) example problem

Find the DIFFERENT tree

Phylogenetic trees are fundamental tools in genetics research, enabling scientists to visualize evolutionary relationships among species, gene sequences, or populations. By tracing shared ancestry, these trees can provide valuable insights into genetic biodiversity. Applications of phylogenetic trees include tracking disease evolution, identifying conserved genetic sequences, and understanding speciation processes. Phylogenetic trees are indispensable for both theoretical and applied genetics.
The tree diagram below is a phylogenetic tree with 6 leaves. This phylogenetic tree is affectionately named: "6balanced3".

tree code common name: 6balanced3
 Vyrax 
 Ashen 
 Chimera 
 Unicorn 
 Inktoad 
 Rynoth 


Among the five phylogenetic trees displayed below, all but one have the same structure and represent the same evolutionary relationships as the tree above.
Your task is to identify the single different phylogenetic tree that does NOT share the same structure or relationships as the reference tree above.

Which one of the following phylogenetic trees represents a DIFFERENT phylogenetic tree?

 

Identify Different Phylogenetic Tree (Medium)

Click to show Identify Different Phylogenetic Tree (Medium) example problem

Find the DIFFERENT tree

Phylogenetic trees are fundamental tools in genetics research, enabling scientists to visualize evolutionary relationships among species, gene sequences, or populations. By tracing shared ancestry, these trees can provide valuable insights into genetic biodiversity. Applications of phylogenetic trees include tracking disease evolution, identifying conserved genetic sequences, and understanding speciation processes. Phylogenetic trees are indispensable for both theoretical and applied genetics.
The tree diagram below is a phylogenetic tree with 7 leaves. This phylogenetic tree is affectionately named: "None".

 Narloc 
 Elwet 
 Thorret 
 Yawclor 
 Quokka 
 Unicorn 
 Wyvern 


Among the six phylogenetic trees displayed below, all but one have the same structure and represent the same evolutionary relationships as the tree above.
Your task is to identify the single different phylogenetic tree that does NOT share the same structure or relationships as the reference tree above.

Which one of the following phylogenetic trees represents a DIFFERENT phylogenetic tree?

 

Identify Different Phylogenetic Tree (Rigorous)

Click to show Identify Different Phylogenetic Tree (Rigorous) example problem

Find the DIFFERENT tree

Phylogenetic trees are fundamental tools in genetics research, enabling scientists to visualize evolutionary relationships among species, gene sequences, or populations. By tracing shared ancestry, these trees can provide valuable insights into genetic biodiversity. Applications of phylogenetic trees include tracking disease evolution, identifying conserved genetic sequences, and understanding speciation processes. Phylogenetic trees are indispensable for both theoretical and applied genetics.
The tree diagram below is a phylogenetic tree with 8 leaves. This phylogenetic tree is affectionately named: "None".

 Oclora 
 Thorret 
 Bellen 
 Lystra 
 Phoenix 
 Hydra 
 Vyrax 
 Zypher 


Among the eight phylogenetic trees displayed below, all but one have the same structure and represent the same evolutionary relationships as the tree above.
Your task is to identify the single different phylogenetic tree that does NOT share the same structure or relationships as the reference tree above.

Which one of the following phylogenetic trees represents a DIFFERENT phylogenetic tree?

 

Identify Same Phylogenetic Tree (Easy)

Click to show Identify Same Phylogenetic Tree (Easy) example problem

Find the SAME tree

Phylogenetic trees are fundamental tools in genetics research, enabling scientists to visualize evolutionary relationships among species, gene sequences, or populations. By tracing shared ancestry, these trees can provide valuable insights into genetic biodiversity. Applications of phylogenetic trees include tracking disease evolution, identifying conserved genetic sequences, and understanding speciation processes. Phylogenetic trees are indispensable for both theoretical and applied genetics.
The tree diagram below is a phylogenetic tree with 5 leaves. This phylogenetic tree is affectionately called: "3comb+pair3".

tree code common name: 3comb+pair3
 Lystra 
 Narloc 
 Sphinx 
 Yawclor 
 Zypher 



Several phylogenetic trees are shown below, but only one has the SAME structure and represents the same relationships as the phylogenetic tree above.
Your task is to identify the single same phylogenetic tree that shares the same structure and relationships as the reference tree above.

Which one of the following phylogenetic trees represents the SAME tree relationships or is equivalent to the phylogenetic tree above?

 

Identify Same Phylogenetic Tree (Medium)

Click to show Identify Same Phylogenetic Tree (Medium) example problem

Find the SAME tree

Phylogenetic trees are fundamental tools in genetics research, enabling scientists to visualize evolutionary relationships among species, gene sequences, or populations. By tracing shared ancestry, these trees can provide valuable insights into genetic biodiversity. Applications of phylogenetic trees include tracking disease evolution, identifying conserved genetic sequences, and understanding speciation processes. Phylogenetic trees are indispensable for both theoretical and applied genetics.
The tree diagram below is a phylogenetic tree with 6 leaves. This phylogenetic tree is affectionately called: "6balanced3".

tree code common name: 6balanced3
 Hydra 
 Narloc 
 Quokka 
 Elwet 
 Rynoth 
 Zypher 



Several phylogenetic trees are shown below, but only one has the SAME structure and represents the same relationships as the phylogenetic tree above.
Your task is to identify the single same phylogenetic tree that shares the same structure and relationships as the reference tree above.

Which one of the following phylogenetic trees represents the SAME tree relationships or is equivalent to the phylogenetic tree above?

 

Identify Same Phylogenetic Tree (Rigorous)

Click to show Identify Same Phylogenetic Tree (Rigorous) example problem

Find the SAME tree

Phylogenetic trees are fundamental tools in genetics research, enabling scientists to visualize evolutionary relationships among species, gene sequences, or populations. By tracing shared ancestry, these trees can provide valuable insights into genetic biodiversity. Applications of phylogenetic trees include tracking disease evolution, identifying conserved genetic sequences, and understanding speciation processes. Phylogenetic trees are indispensable for both theoretical and applied genetics.
The tree diagram below is a phylogenetic tree with 8 leaves. This phylogenetic tree is affectionately called: "None".

 Wyvern 
 Faylen 
 Gorret 
 Yawclor 
 Inktoad 
 Xeraph 
 Narloc 
 Quokka 



Several phylogenetic trees are shown below, but only one has the SAME structure and represents the same relationships as the phylogenetic tree above.
Your task is to identify the single same phylogenetic tree that shares the same structure and relationships as the reference tree above.

Which one of the following phylogenetic trees represents the SAME tree relationships or is equivalent to the phylogenetic tree above?

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